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Garðaríki

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Map showing Varangian or Kievan Rus' settlement (in red) and location of Slavic tribes (in green), mid-9th century Khazar influence indicated with blue outline

Garðaríki (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike)[1] or Garðaveldi is the Old Norse term used in medieval times for the states of Kievan Rus'.[a]

As the Varangians dealt mainly with Northern Kievan Rus' lands, their sagas regard the city of Holmsgardr (Holmgarðr, Veliky Novgorod) as the capital of Garðaríki.[3][4][5][6] Other local towns mentioned in the sagas are Aldeigjuborg (Old Ladoga), Pallteskja (Polotsk), Smaleskja (Smolensk), Súrsdalar (Suzdal), Móramar (Murom), and Ráðstofa (Rostov).[7][8]

 

Three of the Varangian runestones, G 114, Sö 338, and U 209, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Garðar.[2]

Contents

• 1Etymology
• 2Legendary kings
• 3Literature
• 4See also
• 5Notes
• 6Citations
• 7References

Etymology

The meaning of the word Garðaríki is usually interpreted as Garðar[b] + ríki: "the kingdom of cities", or "the realm of towns",[10] which probably referred to a chain of forts along the Volkhov River, starting with Lyubsha and Ladoga (see Evolution of the word Gord). These forts had to assert themselves especially against the Khazar Khaganate until the end of the 9th century and therefore they developed the first East Slavic state which is known as Kievan Rus'.

The related Old Norse word garðr contains the same root as Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ ("fortification, town"[11]) and Old English ġeard. Garðr refers to a wall[12] or fortification[13] but came to primarily mean what it contained. For the etymology of the latter element, see the article on Reich and the archaic English term rike.

Legendary kings

• Odin (Hervarar saga)[citation needed]
• Sigrlami (Hervarar saga)[citation needed]
• Rollaugr (Hervarar saga)[citation needed]
• Ráðbarðr (Sögubrot)[citation needed]
• Hreggviðr (Göngu-Hrólfs saga)[14]
• Hálfdan Brönufostri (king of Svíþjóð hin kalda in Sörla saga sterka)[citation needed]
• Vissavald (king from Garðaríki, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar)[citation needed]

Literature

• Brandt, Dagmar: Gardariki. Ein Stufenbuch aus dem russischen Raum (novel). 2 Volumes, Berlin 1943. Reprint Faksimile Verlag Bremen 1981.
• Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), ISBN 978-3-030-53796-8

See also

• Rus' Khaganate

Notes

1. ^ The original designation of Kievan Rus' (or its northern part) in Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic sources, including runic inscriptions, poetry of skalds and sagas, was the toponym Garðar. First seen in Hallfred's Vis of the Hard Skald (996). The toponym is based on the root garð- with a wide range of meanings.[2]
2. ^ Garðar could be a collective name for Rus' towns.[9]

Citations