Classification of Indo-European languages.
Red: Extinct languages.
White: Categories or unattested proto-languages.
Left half: Centum languages.
Right half: Satem languages.
See also: Comparative method (linguistics)
Main article: Indo-European languages
A map showing the approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia. The following legend is given in the chronological order of the earliest surviving written attestations of each branch:
Hellenic (Greek) (살색)
Indo-Iranian (남색)
Italic (Romance) (갈색)
Celtic (주홍색)
Germanic (적색)
Armenian (짙은 갈색)
Baltic (연녹색)
Slavic (초록)
Albanian (하늘색)
Non-Indo-European languages (회색)
Dotted and striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common (more visible upon full enlargement of the map).
Main article: Proto-Indo-European language
Spread of IE-languages I
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Spread of IE-languages II
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Origins of Yamnaya culture
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The Proto-Indo-European homeland according to the Kurgan hypothesis (dark green) and the present-day distribution of Indo-European languages in Eurasia (light green)
The development of the Kurgan culture according to Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan hypothesis
Scheme of Indo-European migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the Kurgan hypothesis. These migrations are thought to have spread WSH ancestry and Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.[82]
Main article: Maikop culture
Indo-Aryans Repin culture Afanasievo culture Iranians |
Ambassador from Kucha (龜茲國 Qiuci-guo), one of the main Tocharian cities, visiting the Chinese Southern Liang court in Jingzhou c. 516–520 CE, with explanatory text. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang, 11th century Song copy.
These movements of both Tocharians and Iranians into East Central Asia were not a mere footnote in the history of China but... were part of a much wider picture involving the very foundations of the world's oldest surviving civilization."[148]
— J. P. Mallory & Victor H. Mair |
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Origins of Yamnaya culture
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Largest expansion of the Yamnaya culture. Ca. 3500 origins of Usatovo culture; 3400 origins of Yamnaya; c. 3400–3200 expansion of Yamnaya across the Pontic-Caspian steppe; c. 3000 end of Tripolye culture, and transformation of Yamnaya into Corded Ware in the contact zone east of the Carpathian mountains; 3100–2600 Yamnaya-expansion into the Danube Valley.[26][27][28]
IE migrations north and south of the Carpathian Mountains, and the subsequent development of Celtic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic, according to Anthony (2007)
Dniestr,
Vistula, Dniepr |
Germanic origins and dispersal
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Archaeological cultures associated with the Indo-Iranian and Indo-Aryan migration: The Andronovo culture is regarded as the origin of the Indo-Iranians, who later interacted with the BMAC, from which they borrowed part of their distinctive religious beliefs. The Yaz culture is also associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The Gandhara grave, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey Ware cultures are associated with Indo-Aryan migrations (according to EIEC).
Main articles: Vedic period and Hinduism
Spread of Vedic culture
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<펌>Kurgan hypothesis - Wikipedia (0) | 2020.12.10 |
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<펌>Proto-Indo-European mythology (0) | 2020.09.12 |
<펌>Proto-Indo-Europeans (0) | 2020.07.18 |
<펌> Proto-Indo-European language (0) | 2020.07.18 |