Apadana
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Apadana (Old Persian: ?????) is a large hypostyle hall, best said the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. The Persepolis Apadana belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, the first half of the 6th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius the Great. Its construction completed by Xerxes I. Modern scholarships "demonstrates the metaphorical nature of the Apadana reliefs as idealised social orders".[1]
The term "apadana"
As a word, "apadāna" (Old Persian?????, masc.) is used to designate a hypostyle hall, i.e., a palace or audience hall of stone construction with columns. The word is rendered in Elamite as ha-ha-da-na and in Babylonian ap-pa-da-an is etymologically ambiguous. It has been compared to the Sanskrit "apadana" ( आपादन) which means 'to arrive at', and also to the Sanskrit apa-dhā ( अपधा) which means "a hide-out or concealment", and the Greek apo-thēkē "storehouse". The word survived into later periods in Iran, as the Parthian 'pdn(y) or 'pdnk(y) "palace", and outside Iran it still survives in several languages as loan-words (including the Arabic fadan, the Armenian aparan-kʿ "palace".)[2]
More precisely, however, this word is the direct ancestor of the medieval and modern architectural term, ayvan/aywan. The Old Persian term ?????, a-pad-an, standing for "unprotected", refers to the fact that the veranda-shaped structure is open to the outside elements on one of its four sides, and thus 'unprotected' / exposed to the natural elements. This is exactly what the Apadana palace has: open (columned) verandas on three sides—a unique feature among all palace buildings at Persepolis. The Parthian and Sasanian architects largely did away with the columns holding up the ceiling of the veranda, replacing them with a barrel vaulting, such as the famous Ayvan of Kisra at Ctesiphon. The later evolution of term into aywan in the post-Islamic architecture that evolved from the old "apadana", refers to both columned (such as the palace of Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan) or barrel vaulted (all the four-aywaned mosques). Like the old Apadana, the new aywans are also verandas: open to the natural elements on one side.
As a modern architectural and archaeological term, the word "apadana" is also used to refer to Urartian hypostyle halls, such as those excavated at Altintepe and Erebuni. These halls predate those from Persia, and it has been proposed that Urartu could be the stylistic origin of the later Persian hypostyle audience halls.[3]
Description
The Apadana was the largest building on the Terrace at Persepolis and was excavated by the German archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld and his assistant Friedrich Krefter, and Erich Schmidt, between 1931 and 1939. Important material relevant to the excavations are today housed in the archives of the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.
It was most likely the main hall of the kings. The columns reached 20m high and had complex capitals in the shape of bulls or lions. Here, the great king received the tribute from all the nations in the Achaemenid Empire, and gave presents in return.
Access to the hall is given by two monumental stairways, on the north and on the east. These are decorated by reliefs, showing delegates of the 23 subject nations of the Persian Empire paying tribute to Darius I, who is represented seated centrally. The various delegates are shown in great detail, giving insight into the costume and equipment of the various peoples of Persia in the 5th century BC. There are inscriptions in Old Persian and Elamite.
Measurements
The Apadana at Persepolis has a surface of 1000 square metres; its roof was supported by 72 columns, each 24 metres tall. The entire hall was destroyed in 331 BC by the army of Alexander the Great. Stones from the columns were used as building material for nearby settlements. By the start of the 20th century, only 13 of these giant columns were still standing. The re-erecting of a complete, but fallen column in the 1970s, is now the 14th standing column of the Apadana.
The Apadana in Susa was—like the city itself—largely abandoned, and pillaged for building material.
Notes
- ^ M. Root (1986) p. 1.
- ^ R. Schmitt, Apadana i. Term, in Encyclopaedia Iranica
- ^ Henri Stierlin, "Greece, from Mycenae to the Parthenon (Taschen's World Architecture)", 1997. p116.
References
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apadana of Persepolis. |
External links
- Oriental Institute Photographic Archives
- The Achaemenians continued
- Persepolis3D, a virtual reconstruction of Apadana
아방궁
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아방궁(중국어 간체자: 阿房宫, 병음: Ēfánggōng)은 진시황제가 세운 궁전이다. 함양과 위수 근처에 있었다. 유적은 섬서성 서안 시 서측 13km의 아방촌(阿房村)에 남아 있다. 진시황제의 사후에도 공사가 계속되었지만, 진이 멸망한 탓에 미완성으로 끝났다. 없었던 명칭을 세인이 지명을 따서 아방궁으로 지었다. 1961년 중화인민공화국 국무원은 아방궁 유적을 전국중점문물보호단위로 지정하였다.
개요
진시황제가 제위하면서 효공이 세운 함양궁은 협소하다고 하여 황하 지류의 남측에 해당하는 상림원(上林苑)에 새로운 궁전 축조를 계획했다. 아방(阿房)의 땅에 궁전을 건설하려고 했지만, 진시황제 생전에 완성하지 못했다.
규모
《사기》에 의거하면, 궁전 건축물 규모는 동서로 5백보(3000척), 남북으로 50장(500척)이다. 미터법으로 환산하면, 동서로 600m~800m, 남북으로 113m~150m에 이른다.
그 궁전 위에는 10,000명이 앉을 수 있고 전하에는 높이 기 5장을 세울 수 있었다. 전 외에는 책목(柵木)을 세우고 복도를 만들어 이곳으로 남산에 이를 수 있고 복도를 만들어 아방에서 위수를 건너 함양궁에 연결되었다.
그 건축에 동원된 인력 수는 70여 만에 달했다. 더욱더 여러 궁을 만들어 관중에 300개, 관외에 400여 개, 함양 부근 100리 내에 세운 궁전은 270여 개에 이르렀으므로, 민가 30,000호를 여읍(驪邑)에, 50,000호를 운양(雲陽)에 각각 이주시켰다. 각 6국의 궁전을 모방하여 6국에서 데려온 비빈을 모두 이곳으로 배치하였고 진 궁전을 만들어 진의 미인들을 그곳에 배치했다. 거기서, 조(趙)의 비(肥), 연의 수(痩), 오의 희(姫), 월의 여(女)를 위시해 각각 미를 겨루어 조가야현(朝歌夜絃), ‘삼십육궁혼의 봄’이라는 광경을 이곳에서 출현하게 했다. 두목의 ‘아방궁부’(阿房宮賦)에 한 노래가 반드시 과장은 아니다.
《사기》에 기술된 진 멸망 부분에 기록된 “아방궁은 초 항우에 의거해 불태워졌다”(3개월간, 불이 꺼지지 않았다고 한다)는 것이 현대까지 정설이었지만, “항우에 의거해서 불탄 것은 함양궁이고 아방궁은 불타지 않았다.”라는 설이 2003년에 제기되었다.
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