Timurid Empire
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Timurid Empire
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| 1370–1507 | |
 Flag
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Timurid Empire at its greatest extent. Dark green is territories and light green is areas subjugated to Timur's raids.
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| Capital | |
| Common languages | |
| Religion
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| Government | Monarchy emirate |
| Emir | |
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• 1370–1405
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Timur (first) |
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• 1506–1507
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Badi' al-Zaman (last) |
| Historical era | Middle Ages |
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• Timur begins conquests
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1363 |
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• Establishment of Timurid Empire
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1370 |
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• Westward expansion begins
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1380 |
| 20 July 1402 | |
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• Fall of Samarkand
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1505 |
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• Fall of Herat
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1507 |
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• Founding of the Mughal Empire
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1526 |
| Area | |
| 1405 est.[3][4] | 4,400,000 km2(1,700,000 sq mi) |
The Timurid Empire (Persian: تیموریان, Timuriyān), self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان, Gurkāniyān), was a Persianate[5][6] Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Uzbekistan, Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey.
The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and, while not descended from Genghis, regarded himself as Genghis's heir and associated much with the Borjigin.
The ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation in 1467, but members of the dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there, and from there 20 years later he invaded India to establish the Mughal Empire.
Contents
History
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| History of Greater Iran |
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Timur conquered large parts of Central Asia, primarily Transoxiana and Khorasan, from 1363 onwards with various alliances (Samarkand in 1366, and Balkh in 1369), and was recognized as ruler over them in 1370. Acting officially in the name of Suurgatmish, the Chagatai khan, he subjugated Transoxania and Khwarazm in the years that followed. Already in the 1360s he had gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate and while as emir he was nominally subordinate to the khan, in reality it was now Timur that picked the khans who became mere puppet rulers. The western Chagatai khans were continually dominated by Timurid princes in the 15th and 16th centuries and their figurehead importance was eventually reduced into total insignificance.
Rise
Timur began a campaign westwards in 1380, invading the various successor states of the Ilkhanate. By 1389, he had removed the Kartids from Herat and advanced into mainland Persia where he enjoyed many successes. This included the capture of Isfahan in 1387, the removal of the Muzaffarids from Shiraz in 1393, and the expulsion of the Jalayirids from Baghdad. In 1394–95, he triumphed over the Golden Horde, following his successful campaign in Georgia, after which he enforced his sovereignty in the Caucasus. Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, was a major rival to Timur in the region. He also subjugated Multan and Dipalpur in modern-day Pakistan in 1398. Timur gave the north Indian territories to a non-family member, Khizr Khan, whose Sayyid dynasty replaced the defeated Tughlaq dynasty of the Sultanate of Delhi.[citation needed] Delhi became a vassal of the Timurids but obtained independence in the years following the death of Timur.[citation needed][dubious ] In 1400–1401 he conquered Aleppo, Damascus and eastern Anatolia, in 1401 he destroyed Baghdad and in 1402 defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara. This made Timur the most preeminent Muslim ruler of the time, as the Ottoman Empire plunged into civil war. Meanwhile, he transformed Samarkand into a major capital and seat of his realm.
Timur appointed his sons and grandsons to the main governorships of the different parts of his empire, and outsiders to some others. After his death in 1405, the family quickly fell into disputes and civil wars, and many of the governorships became effectively independent. However, Timurid rulers continued to dominate Persia, Mesopotamia, Armenia, large parts of Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan,[citation needed] minor parts of India,[citation needed] and much of Central Asia, though the Anatolian and Caucasian territories were lost by the 1430s. Due to the fact that the Persian cities were desolated by wars, the seat of Persian culture was now in Samarkand and Herat, cities that became the center of the Timurid renaissance.[7] The cost of Timur's conquests amount to the deaths of possibly 17 million people.[8]
Shahrukh Mirza, fourth ruler of the Timurids, dealt with Kara Koyunlu, who aimed to expand into Iran. But, Jahan Shah (bey of the Kara Koyunlu) drove the Timurids to eastern Iran after 1447 and also briefly occupied Herat in 1458. After the death of Jahan Shah, Uzun Hasan, bey of the Ak Koyunlu, conquered the holdings of the Kara Koyunlu in Iran between 1469 and 1471.
Fall
The power of Timurids declined rapidly during the second half of the 15th century, largely due to the Timurid tradition of partitioning the empire and by 1500, the divided and wartorn Timurid Empire had lost control of most of its territory, and in the following years was effectively pushed back on all fronts. Persia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia fell quickly to the Shiite Safavid dynasty, secured by Shah Ismail I in the following decade. Much of the Central Asian lands was overrun by the Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani who conquered the key cities of Samarkand and Herat in 1505 and 1507, and who founded the Khanate of Bukhara. From Kabul, the Mughal Empire was established in 1526 by Babur, a descendant of Timur through his father and possibly a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. The dynasty he established is commonly known as the Mughal dynasty though it was directly inherited from the Timurids. By the 17th century, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India but eventually declined during the following century. The Timurid dynasty finally came to an end as the remaining nominal rule of the Mughals was abolished by the British Empire following the 1857 rebellion.
Culture
Although the Timurids hailed from the Barlas tribe, which was of Turkicized Mongol origin,[9] they had embraced Persian culture,[10] converted to Islam, and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan. Thus, the Timurid era had a dual character,[7] reflecting both its Turco-Mongol origins and the Persian literary, artistic, and courtly high culture of the dynasty.[11][11][12]
Language
During the Timurid era, Central Asian society was bifurcated, with the responsibilities of government and rule divided into military and civilian spheres along ethnic lines. At least in the early stages, the military was almost exclusively Turko-Mongolian, while the civilian and administrative element was almost exclusively Persian. The spoken language shared by all the Turko-Mongolians throughout the area was Chaghatay. The political organization hearkened back to the steppe-nomadic system of patronage introduced by Genghis Khan.[13] The major language of the period, however, was Persian, the native language of the Tājīk (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban people. Timur was already steeped in Persian culture[14] and in most of the territories he incorporated, Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled "diwan" was Persian, and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin.[15] Persian became the official state language of the Timurid Empire[12][16] and served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry.[17] The Chaghatay language was the native and "home language" of the Timurid family,[18] while Arabic served as the language par excellence of science, philosophy, theology and the religious sciences.[19]
Literature
Persian
._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza,_ca._1490.jpg)
Persian literature, especially Persian poetry, occupied a central place in the process of assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.[20] The Timurid sultans, especially Shāh Rukh Mīrzā and his son Mohammad Taragai Oloğ Beg, patronized Persian culture.[11] Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of Timur, known as Zafarnāmeh (Persian: ظفرنامه), written by Sharaf ud-Dīn Alī Yazdī, which itself is based on an older Zafarnāmeh by Nizām al-Dīn Shāmī, the official biographer of Timur during his lifetime. The most famous poet of the Timurid era was Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī, the last great medieval Sufi mystic of Persia and one of the greatest in Persian poetry. In addition, some of the astronomical works of the Timurid sultan Ulugh Beg were written in Persian, although the bulk of it was published in Arabic.[21] The Timurid prince Baysunghur also commissioned a new edition of the Persian national epic Shāhnāmeh, known as Shāhnāmeh of Baysunghur, and wrote an introduction to it. According to T. Lenz:[22]
Chagatai
The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of Turkic literature. Based on the established Persian literary tradition, a national Turkic literature was developed in the Chagatai language. Chagatai poets such as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī, Sultan Husayn Bāyqarā, and Zāher ud-Dīn Bābur encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian.[7][23][24][25] The Bāburnāma, the autobiography of Bābur (although being highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology, and vocabulary),[26] as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatai poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have influenced many others.
Art
The golden age of Persian painting began during the reign of the Timurids.[27] During this period – and analogous to the developments in Safavid Persia – Chinese art and artists had a significant influence on Persian art.[7] Timurid artists refined the Persian art of the book, which combines paper, calligraphy, illumination, illustration and binding in a brilliant and colourful whole.[28] The Mongol ethnicity of the Chaghatayid and Timurid Khans was the source of the stylistic depiction of Persian art during the Middle Ages. These same Mongols intermarried with the Persians and Turks of Central Asia, even adopting their religion and languages. Yet their simple control of the world at that time, particularly in the 13th–15th centuries, reflected itself in the idealised appearance of Persians as Mongols. Though the ethnic make-up gradually blended into the Iranian and Mesopotamian local populations, the Mongol stylism continued well after and crossed into Asia Minor and even North Africa.
Timurid architecture
Timurid architecture drew on and developed many Seljuq traditions. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear and geometric patterns decorated the facades of buildings. Sometimes the interior was decorated similarly, with painting and stucco relief further enriching the effect.[29] Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by Timur and his successors in Samarkand and Herat helped to disseminate the influence of the Ilkhanid school of art in India, thus giving rise to the celebrated Mughal (or Mongol) school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir in Samarkand. Timur's Gur-I Mir, the 14th-century mausoleum of the conqueror is covered with "turquoise Persian tiles".[30]Nearby, in the center of the ancient town, a "Persian style madrassa" (religious school)[30] and a "Persian style mosque"[30] by Ulugh Beg is observed. The mausoleum of Timurid princes, with their turquoise and blue-tiled domes remain among the most refined and exquisite Persian architecture.[31] Axial symmetry is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the Shāh-e Zenda in Samarkand, the Musallah complex in Herat, and the mosque of Gowhar Shād in Mashhad. Double domes of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliant colors. Timur's dominance of the region strengthened the influence of his capital and Persian architecture upon India.[32]
Rulers
Emperors (Emir)
- Timur
- Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir (ruled 1405–1407)
- Khalil Sultan
- Shahrukh Mirza
- Ulugh Beg
- Abdal-Latif Mirza
- Abdallah Mirza
- Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
- Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
- Sultan Ahmed Mirza
- Sultan Mahmud Mirza
- Mirza Shah Mahmud
- Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
- Abu Sa'id Mirza
- Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
- Yadgar Muhammad Mirza (ruled 1469–1470)
- Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
Governors Mirza
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- Qaidu bin Pir Muhammad bin Jahāngīr 808–811 AH
- Abu Bakr bin Mīrān Shāh 1405–1407 (807–809 AH)
- Pir Muhammad bin Umar Sheikh 807–812 AH
- Rustam 812–817 AH
- Sikandar 812–817 AH
- Alaudaullah 851 AH
- Abu Bakr bin Muhammad 851 AH
- Sultān Muhammad 850–855 AH
- Muhammad bin Hussayn 903–906 AH
- Abul A'la Fereydūn Hussayn 911–912 AH
- Muhammad Mohsin Khān 911–912 AH
- Muhammad Zamān Khān 920–923 AH
- Shāhrukh II bin Abu Sa'id 896–897 AH
- Ulugh Beg Kābulī 873–907 AH
- Sultān Uways 1508–1522 (913–927 AH)
See also
'티무르·무굴제국(1370-1507)' 카테고리의 다른 글
| <펌>Samarkand (0) | 2019.05.12 |
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| <펌> Herat (0) | 2019.05.12 |
| <펌> Mughal Empire (0) | 2019.02.06 |
| <펌> Timur (0) | 2019.02.06 |