<펌> Chuvash people

Chuvash people

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Not to be confused with the Chumash people.

ChuvashЧӑваш, Çăvaš, Чӑвашсем, ÇăvašsemTotal populationRegions with significant populations Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Belarus Moldova United States Kyrgyzstan Georgia Latvia Azerbaijan EstoniaLanguagesReligionRelated ethnic groups

Chuvash people at a school, in the traditional clothing

1.5 million[1]  : Total Population

1,435,872[2][3]  : Russia

22,305[4] : Kazakhstan

10,593[5] : Ukraine

10,074[6] : Uzbekistan

2,281[7] : Turkmenistan

2,242[8] : Belarus

1,204[9] : Moldova

900[citation needed] : USA

848[10] : Kyrgyzstan

542[11] : Georgia

534[12] : Latvia

489[13] : Azaerbaijan

373[14] : Estonia

Chuvash : languages Russian

Religions : Predominantly Orthodox Christianity Minority Vattisen Yaly, Sunni Islam

Volga Tatars, Mari, Besermyan  : Related ethnic groups

 

The Chuvash people (UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh,[15] US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH;[16] Chuvash: чӑваш [tɕəˈʋaʃ]; Russian: чуваши [tɕʊˈvaʂɨ]) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of Oghurs, native to an area stretching from the Volga-Ural region to Siberia. Most of them live in Chuvashia and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation. They speak Chuvash, a unique Turkic language that diverged from other languages in the family more than a millennium ago.

Contents

• 1 Etymology
• 2 Subgroups
• 3 History
• 4 Origin
• 5 Genetics
• 6 Culture
• 7 Religion
• 8 Gallery
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

 

Etymology

There is no universally accepted etymology of the word Chuvash, but there are three main theories. The popular theory accepted by Chuvash people suggests that Chuvash is a Shaz-Turkic adaptation of Lir-Turkic Suvar (Sabir people), an ethnonym of people that are widely considered to be the ancestors of modern Chuvash people.[17] Compare Lir-Turkic Chuvash: huran to Shaz-Turkic Tatar: qazan (‘cauldron’).[18] One theory suggests that the word Chuvash may be derived from Common Turkic jăvaš ('friendly', 'peaceful'), as opposed to şarmăs ('warlike') Another theory is that the word is derived from the Tabghach, an early medieval Xianbei clan and founders of the Northern Wei dynasty in China. The Old Turkic name Tabghach (Tuoba in Mandarin) was used by some Inner Asian peoples to refer to China long after this dynasty. Gerard Clauson has shown that through regular sound changes, the clan name Tabghach may have transformed to the ethnonym Chuvash.[19]

 

Subgroups

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The subdivision of the Chuvash people are as below:

• Virjal or Turi (Chuvash: вирьял, тури, 'upper')
• Anat jenchi (анат енчи, 'mid-lower')
• Anatri (анатри, 'lower')
  • Hirti (хирти, 'steppe') (this is a sub-group that is recognized by some researchers)

Phenotypically, there is no particular differences among the Chuvash, as more Caucasoid or more Mongoloid phenotypes can be found among all subgroups.[20][21][better source needed]

 

History

Main article: History of Chuvashia

 

Baptized Chuvash people, 1870

The Turkic ancestors of the Chuvash people are believed to have come from central Siberia, where they lived in the Irtysh basin (between Tian Shan and Altay) from at least the end of the third millennium BC.[citation needed] In the early first century AD the Bulgars started moving west through Zhetysu and the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan, reaching the North Caucasus in the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. There they established several states (Old Bulgaria on the Black Sea coast and the Suar Duchy in modern-day Dagestan).

Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful Khazar invasions. Some of its population fled north, to the Volga-Kama region, where they established Volga Bulgaria, which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital then being the 4th-largest city in the world. Shortly after that, the Suar Duchy was forced[by whom?] to become a vassal state of Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suars took part in the Arab–Khazar wars of 732–737. The adoption of Islam in the early tenth century in Volga Bulgaria led to most of its people embracing that religion.[22]

 

After the Mongols destroyed Volga Bulgaria in 1236, the Golden Horde kept control of the region until its slow dissolution from c. 1438. The Kazan Khanate then became the new authority of the region and of the Chuvash. The modern name "Chuvash" began to appear in records starting from the sixteenth century from Russian and other foreign sources.[22]

 

Chuvash diaspora in Volga Federal District

In 1552, the Russians conquered the Kazan Khanate and its territories. The Chuvash, required to pay yasak, gradually became dispossessed of much of their land. Many Chuvash who traditionally engaged in agriculture were forced to become bonded laborers in the timber industry or to work in barges due to growing poverty.[23] The subsequent centuries saw the Christianization and Russification of the Chuvash. During this period, most Chuvash converted to Orthodox Christianity, but the Tsars never achieved their complete Russification.[22][need quotation to verify]

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the revival of Chuvash culture and the publication of many educational, literary, and linguistic works, along with the establishment of schools and other programs. The Chuvash language began to be used in local schools, and a special written script for the Chuvash language was created[by whom?]in 1871.[22]

 

On June 24, 1920, the Bolshevik government of the RSFSR established the Chuvash Autonomous Region; it became the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on April 21, 1925. Around this time Chuvash nationalism grew, but the Soviet authorities attempted to suppress nationalist movements by re-drawing the borders of the republic, leaving many Chuvash living in neighboring republics or in Russian districts. During most of the Soviet period of 1917-1991, the Chuvash were subjected to Russification campaigns and propaganda.[24] The Chuvash language vanished from educational and public use. In 1989, another Chuvash cultural revival began[25] - partly in response to these changes. Soon the Chuvash language once again came into use in educational, public, and political life.[22]

 

As of 2005, schools in the Chuvash Republic and in areas outside that have large Chuvash populations teach the Chuvash language and culture. Chuvash people around Russia also have media available to them in their local communities.[22][need quotation to verify]

 

Origin

 

Distribution of Chuvash in the broader Volga-Ural region. Source: 2010 Russian Census.

There are rival schools of thought on the origin of the Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between the Turkic Sabir tribes of Volga Bulgaria and also according to some researches with local Finno-Ugric populations.[26]

The closest ancestors of the Chuvash people seem to be the Turkic Volga Bulgars.[27] Naturally, they have been subjected to much infusion and influence, not only from Russian and Turkic peoples, but also from neighboring Finnic tribes, with whom they were persistently and mistakenly identified for centuries, perhaps aided by the fact that the Chuvash language is a highly divergent form of Turkic, and was not easily recognized as such.[28] Chuvash is classified, alongside the extinct Bulgar language, as the only remaining member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family.

Linguistic and ancestral connections have been thought to exist between Chuvash and Turkic Khazars[29] as Volga Sabirs were at the service of Khazar Khanate and both nations are considered to share Oghur branch of Turkic languages.[30] Dieter Ludwig suggested that the Khazars were early Sabirs who had formed an alliance with the Uar of Khwarezm[31] (a people possibly linked to the White Huns and/or Pannonian Avars who later invaded Eastern Europe).

 

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev is a Russian historian, geographer, economist and statesman; the author of the first major work on Russian history, the founder of Tolyatti, Yekaterinburg and Perm. The founder of Russian source studies. Personally visited the lands of Volga Bulgaria claims in his book "Russian History" that:

18. Down the Volga River, the Chuvash, the ancient Bulgarians, filled the entire county of Kazan and Simbirsk. Now, after receiving baptism, very few of them remain, because many, not wanting to be baptized, moved to the Bashkirs and settled in other counties. — V. N. Tatishchev. "Russian History". Part I. Chapter 22. The remaining Sarmatians.[32]

 

Then he writes:

"Their own name (Bulgar), according to Karpin, is seen as bilirs, the Tatars call them (chuvash) bulir. These Bulgarians were divided in two among the Russians: upper and lower." - Chuvash - are divided in two: Upper (Viryal) and Lower (Anatri).

"Down the Kama lived Bilyars (the capital of Volga Bulgaria), or Bulgarians, and Cholmats (the name of the Kama River in Chuvash)... now the remnants of their Chuvash, of which there are enough down the Volga", "The Bulgarian peoples of the Chuvash who left"; "the Bulgarians of the Volga predicate the same language with the Hungarians and the Danube Bulgarians from the same who came."

— V. N. Tatishchev "Russian History" Part I.[32]

in 1863 that the Tatar scientist Huseyn Feyzkhanov confirmed this fact about 200 years after Tatishchev's death, solved the mysteries of the Volga Bulgarian epitaphs and wrote "Three Bulgarian Tombstone Inscriptions", in which he presented to the scientific community the results of deciphering the Bulgarian epitaphs in Chuvash words. That is, Tatishchev at that time did not even know about this fact with the Bulgarian monuments. To date, many world linguists have unequivocally proved that the Chuvash language is a continuation of the Bulgarian-Oghur language. 90% of the epitaphs found on the territory of Volga Bulgaria and about 400 of them are written in the Oghur-Chuvash language.

The first node of both our family trees is the separation of Chuvash from other languages, usually defined as the separation of the Bulgarian group. — Dybo, A. B.Chronology of the Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of the early Turks. — M.: Academy, 2004. — p. 766.[33]

 

Mudrak O.A.approves:

there is Chuvash or Bulgarian (language). This is a unique branch within the Turkic languages. This is the very first release of the Turkic element to the west. It differs very much lexically, grammatically and phonetically, but it is undoubtedly a Turkic language. Now native speakers of this language live on the territory of Chuvashia. They used to live on the territory of modern Tatarstan. The Volga Bulgaria proper and the territories with the fixed ethnonym of the Bulgars were the territories of their stay. — Mudrak O.A., Language in time. Classification of Turkic languages. — Lecture, April 16, 2009, the project "Public lectures" "Полит.ру"[34]

 

Genetics

 

Physical anthropologists using the racial frameworks of the early 20th century saw the Chuvash as a mixed Finno-Ugric and Turkic people.[35][28]

Haplogroups Q and C are rare among Chuvashes. Chuvash carriers of Haplogroup R1a (19% in hundreds of samples) are Balto-Slavic Z282 subclade.[36]

A study sampling of unrelated 96 Chuvashes concluded:

Earlier genetic research using autosomal DNA markers suggested a Finno-Ugric origin for the Chuvash. This study examines non-recombining DNA markers to better elucidate their origins. The majority of individuals in this sample exhibit the maternal haplogroups H (31%), U (22%), and K (11%), all representative of western and northern Europeans, but absent in Altaic or Mongolian populations. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to examine distances between the Chuvash and 8 reference populations compiled from the literature. Mismatch analysis showed a unimodal distribution. Along with neutrality tests (Tajima's D (−1.43365) p < 0.05, Fu's FS (−25.50518) p < 0.001), the mismatch distribution is suggestive of an expanding population. These tests suggest that the Chuvash are not directly related to the Turkic and Mongolic people along their maternal line but supports the hypothesis that their language was imposed by a conquering group—leaving Chuvash mtDNA largely of European origin with a small amount of Central Asian gene flow. Their maternal markers appear to most closely resemble Slavic and Finno-Ugric speakers rather than fellow Turkic speakers.

The MtDNA gene pool was found to be 89.1% Caucasoid, 9.1% Mongoloid and 1.8% unidentified.[37]

 

Сomparison with the Danube Bulgarians:

 

Bulgarian geneticists who studied mitochondrial haplogroups of 13 people from three necropolises in Bulgaria, who lived in the VIII—X centuries, revealed genetic similarities between ancient and modern Bulgarians. Mitochondrial haplogroups similar to the ancient Bulgarian ones are found in modern European and Western Eurasian populations.[38] Mitochondrial haplogroup H, which has a frequency of 41.9% in modern Bulgarians, was detected in 7 out of 13 Proto-Bulgarian samples. A large representative survey of existing male lines in Bulgaria showed that haplogroups C, N and Q, characteristic of the Altai and Central Asian populations, are present with an insignificant frequency of only 1.5 %[39]

According to autosomal analyses, the present-day Chuvash speak a Turkic language but are genetically a mix of East-Asian and European elements. They are generally closer to Europeans with some genetic input from Siberia.[40]

 

An autosomal analysis (2015) detected an indication of Oghur and possibly Bulgar ancestry in modern Chuvash. These Oghur and Bulgar tribes brought the Chuvash language with them.[41] Another study found some Finno-Ugric components in Chuvash people.[42]

 

Culture

 

The Chuvash with traditional headware for married women

They speak the Chuvash language and have some pre-Christian traditions. The Chuvash language is Turkic and is the only Oghur Turkic language that survives. The language has been influenced by Tatar, Russian, and Finno-Ugric languages. It has two to three dialects.[22] In addition to Chuvash,[43] many people also use the Russian language.

 

Religion

 

Most Chuvash people are Eastern Orthodox Christians and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. After the Russian subjugation of the Chuvash in the 16th century, a campaign of Christianization began. Most Chuvash didn't convert until the mid-nineteenth century.[44] They retain some pre-Christian Shamanism traditions in their cultural activities. They syncretized Orthodox Christianity and Shamanism.[44] Parallel pray in the shrines called keremet and sacrifice geese there. One of the main shrines is located in the town of Bilyarsk. Vattisen Yaly is a contemporary revival of the ethnic religion of the Chuvash people.

 

A minority of Chuvash follow Islam and they have also retained many traces of pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals.[22] A minority of Chuvash probably adopted Islam as early as the Volga Bulgaria era but most of those Chuvash likely converted during the Golden Horde period.[23] Some Chuvash who converted to Christianity following the Russian conquest reverted to Islam during the 19th and early 20th century.[23]

 

 

Gallery

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  Chuvash woman in traditional attire. Mid-to-late 19th century

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  Married Chuvash woman in matchmaking costume. Early 20th century

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  Married Chuvash women. Early 20th century

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  Chuvash linguist and philologist Atner Khuzangai

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  Pioneer of Chuvash syllabotonic poetry Mišši Śeśpĕl

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  Middle Chuvash group XIX с

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  Chuvash children. Middle group XIX century

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chuvash people.

• List of Chuvashes
• Chuvash National Congress
• Chuvash National Museum
• Chuvash national symbols
• Chuvash State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble
• Chuvash Wikipedia
• ChuvashTet
• Society for the study of the native land

References