<펌>동북아시아의 ANA/ANEA/Tianyuan man (자료: wikipedia)

 

I. Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA) (5700-2500 BC)

 

 

 

 

The Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA, yellow area) are defined as a cluster of Neolithic populations from the Altai Mountains to the Pacific coast. They were bordered by Western Eurasian populations to the west, which combined BMAC, Afanasievo and Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry.[1]

 

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA),[2][3] also known as Amur ancestry,[4] is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 7th-4th millennia before present, in far-eastern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal regions. They are inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians about 24kya ago,[5] and are represented by several ancient human specimens found in archaeological excavations east of the Altai Mountains. They are a sub-group of the Ancient Northern East Asians (ANEA).[6]

 

Neolithic populations[edit]

 

Ancient Northeast Asians, with contemporary cultures c. -3000 BCE

 

 

 

Position of Ancient Northeast Asians ( ) in a principal component analysis (PCA) of non-African modern human genomes (grey), and other ancient populations (colors).[7]

 

The Prehistoric populations of Eastern Siberia are poorly understood, mainly due to the lack of archaeological specimens. So far, the oldest populations for which genomic data have been obtained are the Upper Paleolithic Ancient North Eurasians (c. 24,000 BP) from Central Siberia, and Upper-Paleolithic populations related to the "Basal-East Asian" Tianyuan man (c. 40,000 BP), specifically the Salkhit (c. 34,000 BP) and AR33K (c. 33,000 BP) samples from Mongolia and the Amur region, or Manchuria. There is then a large gap until the Neolithic period, where the specific ANA gene pool has been identified. Ancestry basal to the ANA gene pool, but significantly closer to them than to the Upper-Paleolithic Tianyuan-related gene pool or other East Asian lineages (such as Southern East Asians), has been found among a sample in the Amur region (AR19K; c. 19 000 BP), suggesting that Ancient Northeast Asians diverged from other East Asian populations sometimes between 19kya to 26kya.[8][9][10]

 

The first individual to be identified with the specific ANA gene pool came from the Russian Far East, near the Pacific coast, at the Devil’s Gate Cave ("DevilsCave_N", c. 5700 BCE).[11] More Neolithic individuals with the ANA/Amur-like gene pool have been identified in eastern Mongolia (SOU001, "EastMongolia_preBA" 4686–4495 cal. BCE), in central Mongolia (ERM003, "CentralMongolia_preBA" 3781–3639 cal. BCE).[12]

 

The closely related hunter-gatherers from the Baikal region and adjacent regions of Siberia are associated with the Early Neolithic eastern Baikal Fofonovo culture ("Fofonovo_EN"), and the western Baikal Kitoi culture ("Baikal_EN", 5200–4200 BCE or Shamanka_EN),[13][14] as well as in conjunction with Ancient Paleo-Siberians (APS), the Early Bronze Age Baikal populations associated with the Glazkovo culture ("Baikal_EBA", circa 2500 BCE or Shamanka_EBA) and Cisbaikal_LNBA.[15][12] They cluster broadly with other Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) populations, but are differentiated from them via drift associated with an earlier inland expansion route, and a minor Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) component at c. 11% (5-20%).[16][17][18][19] The ANE-like component is best explained via Ancient Paleo-Siberian-rich groups.[20] They also display genetic affinities with the Yumin hunter-gatherers from Northeast China, as well as the Neolithic and Bronze Age groups in Yakutia (Yakutia_LNBA) and Krasnoyarsk (kra001) in the Altai-Sayan region. These populations are sometimes described as "Neo-Siberians" and can be differentiated from proper ANA/Amur populations represented by the Neolithic Devils Cave specimen, but share a common recent origin via their Ancient Northern East Asian ancestor. Neo-Siberians are inferred to have expanded prior to the expansion of Neolithic Amur ancestry.[21][22][23]

 

The Devils_Cave_N sample was found to display genetic continuity with a c. 14kya old sample (AR14K) from the Amur region, suggesting that the specific ANA gene pool formed as early as 14,000 BP.[9] Neolithic ANA remains have been found as far as the Altai Mountains, 1,500 km further to the west than previously understood.[24]

 

Later populations[edit]

 

Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave cultures[edit]

 

The people of the Ulaanzuukh (1450–1150 BCE) and Slab Grave (1100–300 BCE) cultures were closely associated with the Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur ancestry) and can be modeled as direct descendants of them. They largely replaced the previous Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers, although geneflow between them has been proposed, particularly between a Neolithic Eastern Mongolian population (East_Mongolia_preBA) having primarily Amur_N-like ancestry and local Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal_EBA).[25]

 

Altai MLBA and Khövsgöl LBA[edit]

 

 

.

Khövsgöl LBA in the Middle-Late Bronze Age (1400 to 1100 BC) in Mongolia. Khövsgöl LBA is essentially composed of Baikal EBA ancestry (itself essentially Ancient Northeast Asian, ANA , with a small admixture from Ancient North Eurasian), and a relatively small admixture from a Sintashta-like source

 

Several successor groups of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers with varying degrees of Western Steppe Herders/Sintashta-like admixture started to appear in the Altai region during the Late Bronze Age. These groups formed from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal populations from the Eastern Steppe and subsequent admixture from Western Steppe Herder migrant groups. This includes the Khövsgöl LBA[26] herders from northern Mongolia and the Altai MLBA hunter-gatherers from the Altai region.[27][12]

 

The Khövsgöl LBA herders are descended from Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal EBA or Shamanka EBA, c. 93-96%) with small amounts of admixture from Western Steppe Herders (Sintashta, c. 4-7%). Genetic analyses revealed that while dairy pastoralism seems to have been adopted by them from the Western Steppe Herders, they were primarily of local Northern East Asian origin, implying cultural transmission. Modern day Tuvans and Nganasans, followed by Nanais, Yukaghirs, Evens, Itelmens, Ulchis, Koryaks, Nivkhs, and Chukchis, are among the people sharing the highest genetic affinities with the Late Bronze Age herders of Khövsgöl, but are not identical with them.[28][29][30][19]

 

The Altai MLBA gene pool further West can be associated with Eastern Scythians (Saka), who can be modeled as deriving significant amounts of ancestry (c. 40-55%) from the Baikal/Shamanka EBA groups, with the remainder being derived from Sintashta-like admixture (c. 45-60%) associated with early Indo-Iranians.[31][32]

 

• Deer stones are often associated with Khövsgöl LBA burials.[33] Probably c.1400-1000 BCE.[34]

 

• Detail of deer stone, with weapons

 

Tarim Mummies[edit]

 

A genomic study published in 2021 found that the Tarim mummies (c. 2000 BCE) had high levels of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (c. 72%), with a smaller admixture from an East Asian-like population (particularly the Baikal_EBA, at c. 28%), but no detectable Western Steppe Herder-related ancestry.[35][36]

 

Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars[edit]

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Slab Grave culture was essentially Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA, ), while the neighbouring Sakas combined in almost equal parts Western Eurasian (Sintashta, ) with Ancient Northeast Asian (Baikal EBA, ) ancestry, with a smaller Iranian contribution (BMAC, ).[37]

 

 

 

Genomic evidence from human remains shows that the Avars were essentially derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA).[38]

 

Nivkh people are closely related to Ancient Northeast Asians.

The Baikal EBA populations, also contributed to a large extent to the formation of the hybrid Eurasian Scytho-Siberian cultures, such as the Arzhan and Pazyryk (Eastern Saka) as well as the Tasmola (Central Saka) cultures of Central Asia from around 1,000 BCE, contributing about half of their genetic profile (40-55%), highlighting the increase in genetic diversity during the late Bronze Age and the following Iron Age.[37]

 

The hybrid Saka cultures in turn played an important role in the formation of the Xiongnu Empire (3rd century BCE-1st century CE), which combined specific Saka ancestries (particularly Chandman/Uyuk-related ones), with Neolithic Amur-derived Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave ancestries, to which Sarmatian and Han ancestry was further added at a later stage.[37] High status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian Ulaanzuukh/Slab Grave culture, while low status individuals tended to be more diverse and having higher Saka-like ancestry.[39] A likely chanyu, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3% Slab Grave genetic ancestry, 51.9% Han ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being Saka (Chandman) ancestry.[39]

Elite Hun burial genetic ancestry (350 CE, Budapest)

A later different Eastern influx is evident in three outlier samples of the Saka Tasmola culture (Tasmola Birlik) and one of the Pazyryk culture (Pazyryk Berel), which displayed c. 70-83% additional Amur-derived ancestry, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE) and may be associated with the westwards expansion of Xiongnu tribes. A Hun individual from an elite burial of the mid-4th century CE in Budapest, Hungary, was reconstructed as 60% Ancient Northeast Asian/Amur (ANA) and 40% Saka.[40]

 

The 7-8th century Avars in Europe, particularly as regards the Avar elite, were also confirmed to have essentially Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (c. 90%), with some additions from other sources.[41]

 

Göktürks[edit]

 

The Turkic princess Ashina (551–582 CE), whose remains were sequenced, was found to be genetically closely associated with Ancient Northeast Asians (with 97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry, 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry dating back to around 3000 years ago, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture), which according to Yang et al supports a Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Göktürk Khanate.[42] These findings refute "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Göktürks.[43] However, the authors also observed that the population of the "Türkic Empire" as a whole, particularly Central Steppe and Medieval Türks, had a high but variable degree of West Eurasian admixture, suggesting genetic sub-structure within the empire:[44][45] for example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62,2% of their genome, while the remaining 37,8% was derived from West Eurasians (BMAC and Afanasievo), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE.[46][47] The ruling clan of the Turkic peoples, the Ashina tribe, was found to display close genetic affinities with the earlier Slab Grave and Ulaanzuukh culture remains.[48]

 

ANA ancestry today[edit]

 

Genetically, ANA/Amur ancestry peaks among modern Tungusic, Mongolic and Nivkh-speaking populations of Northeast Asia.[12] ANA ancestry (represented by the Tungusic-speaking Ulchi people) overall forms the main ancestry of the early and contemporary speakers of Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages, which supports their spread from Northeast Asia westwards, discernable in the Lake Baikal region since at least 6kya. An earlier wave of Northern East Asian ancestry into Siberia is associated with "Neo-Siberians" (represented by Uralic-speaking Nganasans), which may be associated with the expansion of Yukaghir and Uralic languages, and the partial displacement of Paleo-Siberians, starting around 11kya.[49]

 

 

 

 

 

II. Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA)

 

 

Location of the Ancient Northern East Asians[1]

 

 

 

Location of the major sub-groups within the Ancient Northern East Asians, with the Yellow River farmers in the Yellow River valley, and Ancient Northeast Asians (or Amur ancestry) above[2]

 

Contribution of Ancient East Asian lineages to the formation of the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), Ancient Paleo-Siberians (APS), and Native Americans

 

Phylogenetic position of the (Ancient) Northern East Asian lineage among other East Eurasians

 

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA), also known as Northern East Asian (NEA), is used to summarize the related ancestral components that represent the Ancient Northern East Asian peoples, extending from the Baikal region to the Yellow River and the Qinling-Huaihe Line in present-day central China.[1][3] They are inferred to have diverged from Ancient Southern East Asians (ASEA) around 20,000 to 26,000 BCE.[1][4][5][6]

 

The ANEA can be differentiated into broadly three sub-groups, namely the “Ancient Northeast Asians“ (ANA), “Neo-Siberians", and "Yellow River farmers". The ANEA are to be distinguished from the namely similar "Ancient Northeast Asian" (ANA) lineage, which is alternatively also known as "Amur ancestry", and which forms a sub-group of the ANEA grouping, specifically ancestral to hunter-gatherer people of the 7th-4th millennia before present, in the Amur region and later expanding to far-eastern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal regions, but which are most closely related to other ancient northern East Asians, such as the earlier expanding "Neo-Sibersians" evident in the Early Neolithic Baikal region.[2][7]

 

To the north, an early branch of the Ancient Northern East Asian lineage is inferred to have contributed to the formation of the Ancient Paleo-Siberians (APS) in conjunction with the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), and, in the south, to the formation of the "Yellow River farmers" in conjunction with the Ancient Southern East Asians (ASEA).[1][4] Yellow River farmers are associated with the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages.[8]

 

The "Neo-Siberians" or "inland Northeast Asians", represented by the Yumin hunter-gatherers and Transbaikal_EMN ancestry, are associated with an inland expansion route of Ancient Northern East Asians (China_NEastAsia_Inland_EN, c. 14kya), but which can be differentiated from the "Amur hunter-gatherers" (c. 7-14kya) associated with "ANA ancestry". This branch became primarily ancestral to Neolithic and Bronze Age groups in the Baikal region, such as the Neolithic Baikal hunter-gatherers from the Kitoi culture ("Baikal_EN", 5200–4200 BCE or Shamanka_EN), the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Yakutia (Yakutia_LNBA) and Krasnoyarsk (kra001_BA) ancestry in Eastern Siberia and the Altai-Sayan region, which may be associated with the expansion of early Proto-Uralic speakers, as well as, in conjunction with Ancient Paleo-Siberians, to the Bronze Age Western Baikal hunter-gatherers associated with the Glazkovo culture ("Baikal_EBA", circa 2500 BCE or Shamanka_EBA) and Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry, which may be associated with early Yeniseian speakers.[9][10][11][12]

 

Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur ancestry), represented by Mesolithic Amur specimens (c. 7-14kya) and subsequent samples from Mongolia, expanded after the dispersal of "Neo-Siberian" like groups, and may be associated with the spread of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic speakers.[9][11]

 

Paleolithic and Neolithic specimens[edit]

 

The ANEA lineage is represented by a late Paleolithic specimen (c. 19kya) from the Amur region (Amur19k), as well as Early Neolithic samples including the Yumin, Devil's Gate (Far East Russia, ~7.7 kya), Shandong (coastal China, ~9.5-7.5 kya) and Lake Baikal (southern Siberia, ~7.1-6.3 kya) individuals.[1][13]

 

 

 

III. Tianyuan man ( 50K - 40K BP)

 

 

 

Tianyuan man

Tianyuan man and contemporary cultures c. 50,000~40,000

 

Tianyuan man (simplified Chinese: 田园洞人; traditional Chinese: 田園洞人; pinyin: Tiányuándòng Rén) are the remains of one of the earliest modern humans to inhabit East Asia. In 2007, researchers found 34 bone fragments belonging to a single individual at the Tianyuan Cave near Beijing, China.[1][2] Radiocarbon dating shows the bones to be between 42,000 and 39,000 years old, which may be slightly younger than the only other finds of bones of a similar age at the Niah Caves in Sarawak on the South-east Asian island of Borneo.

 

Subsistence[edit]

 

Nothing is known directly about the material culture of this individual, since so far no artifacts or other cultural remains have been found at the site.[2] Isotope analysis suggests that a substantial part of his diet came from freshwater fish.[3]

 

Physical anthropology[edit]

 

Morphology[edit]

 

Tianyuan man is considered an early modern homo sapiens. He lacks several mandibular features common among western Eurasian late archaic humans, showing its divergence. Based on the rate of dental occlusal attrition, it is estimated he died in his 40s or 50s.[2]

 

Archaeogenetics[edit]

 

 

Phylogenetic position of the Tianyuan lineage among other East Eurasians.

 

The first DNA analysis of the Tianyuan remains (focussing on mtDNA and chromosome 21) was published in 2013 and revealed that Tianyuan man is related "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans" and had already diverged genetically from the ancestors of modern Europeans.[4] He belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup B,[4] and paternal haplogroup K2b.[5]

 

A genome-wide analysis confirmed the close affinity of Tianyuan man to modern East Asian and Southeast Asians, but also showed that he is not directly ancestral to modern populations, but rather represents a deeply diverged member of the East and Southeast Asian (ESEA) lineage, basal to all later populations of East and Southeast Asia.[6][7][8]

 

Tianyuan man exhibits a unique genetic affinity for GoyetQ116-1 from the Goyet Caves in Namur province, Belgium. GoyetQ116-1 shares more alleles with Tianyuan man than does any other sampled ancient individual from West Eurasia.[6]

 

 

Ancestry related to the Tianyuan man is defined as Basal East Asian (BEA); ancestry related to Ancient East Asians (AEA); ancestry related to Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA); ancestry related to Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA); ancestry related to Ancient Guangxi population (Longlin/AGX).

 

 

The initial peopling of Sundaland and the Sahul was carried out by ancestors of modern Papuan New Guineans and Australian Aboriginal populations, followed by deep mainland Asian (Tianyuan- or Onge-related) ancestry, preceding later expansions from Mainland Southeast Asia and Southern China.[9]

 

The Tianyuan man was determined to be part of an Initial Upper Paleolithic wave (>45kya) "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), and sharing deep ancestry with other ancient specimens such as Bacho Kiro, Peștera cu Oase, the Ust'-Ishim man, as well as the ancestors of modern day Papuans (Australasians).[10] The lineage ancestral to the Tianyuan man (dubbed as the "ESEA" lineage) is inferred to have diverged from the Ancient East Eurasians, following a Southern Route dispersal, and subsequently diverged into the Hoabinhian lineage, the Tianyuan lineage, and a lineage ancestral to all modern East and Southeast Asians.[8]

 

The Tianyuan man displays high genetic affinities to a 33,000 year old specimen (AR33K) between the Amur region and modern day Mongolia, suggesting that Tianyuan-like ancestry was widespreaded in Northeastern Asia during the Paleolithic period. The AR33K specimen belonged to haplogroup P-P226.[11][12]

 

Basal East Asian or "Deep Asian" ancestry represented by Tianyuan or Andamanese Onge contributed to the Peopling of Southeast Asia, following Australasian ancestry and preceding Mesolithic and Neolithic expansions of Ancient Southern East Asians associated with the spread of Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages.[9]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source : Wikipedia