Krishna River
| Krishna | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |
| Region | South India |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Near Mahabaleshwar, Jor village |
| ⁃ location | Satara district, Maharashtra, India |
| ⁃ coordinates | 17°59′18.8″N 73°38′16.7″E |
| ⁃ elevation | 914 m (2,999 ft)Geographic headwaters |
| Mouth | Bay Of Bengal |
⁃ location | Hamsaladeevi, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India |
⁃ coordinates | 15°44′10.8″N 80°55′12.1″ECoordinates: 15°44′10.8″N 80°55′12.1″E[1] |
⁃ elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 1,400 km (870 mi)approx. |
| Basin size | 258,948 km2 (99,980 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| ⁃ average | 2,213 m3/s (78,200 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| ⁃ location | Vijayawada (1901–1979 average), max (2009), min (1997) |
| ⁃ average | 1,641.74 m3/s (57,978 cu ft/s) |
| ⁃ minimum | 13.52 m3/s (477 cu ft/s) |
| ⁃ maximum | 31,148.53 m3/s (1,100,000 cu ft/s)[2] |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| ⁃ left | Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru |
| ⁃ right | Kudali (Niranjna) Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra |
The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is almost 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is one of the major sources of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.[3]
Sources
The Krishna river originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres, in the state of Maharashtra in central India. It is one of the longest rivers in India. The Krishna river is around 1,400 km in length (282 KM in Maharashtra). The Krishna river's source is at Mahabaleshwar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai Taluka, Satara District, Maharashtra in the west and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi (near Koduru) in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast. It flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State. The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings. Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna.
It causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods. It flows fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet (23 m). Ironically, there is a saying in Marathi: "Santh vaahate Krishnamaai"(संथ वाहते कृष्णामाई) which means "quiet and slow flows Krishna". This term is used to describe that a person should be as quiet as Krishna.
In Karnataka state it also called Krishne (ಕೃಷ್ಣೆ)
In Telugu speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, "Krishnaveni" is a common name given to a girl child, referring to the Krishna river.
Tributaries
| Right-bank tributary | Town, District, State of confluence | Left-Bank Tributary |
|---|---|---|
| Venna River | Sangam Mauli, Satara, Maharashtra | |
| Urmodi river | Kashil, Satara, Maharashtra | |
| Tarali/Kali Ganga river | Umbraj, Satara, Maharashtra | |
| Mand river | Umbraj, Satara, Maharashtra | |
| Tasawade, Satara, Maharashtra | Kolamba river | |
| Koyna River | Karad, Satara, Maharashtra | |
| Bramhanal, Sangli, Maharashtra | Yerla river | |
| Warna River | Haripur, Sangli, Maharashtra | |
| Panchganga River | Narsobawadi, Sangli, Mahrashtra | |
| Dudhaganga | Yadur, Belgaum, Karnataka | |
| Hippargi barrage | ||
| Ghataprabha River | Almatti, Bagalkot District, Karanataka | |
| Almatti Dam | ||
| Malaprabha River | Kudala Sangam, Bagalkot District, Karanataka | |
| Basava Sagar Reservoir | ||
| Ammapur, Kalburgi, Karnataka | Doni River | |
| Kadlur, Raichur, Karnataka | Bhima River | |
| Jurala dam | ||
| Lower Jurala dam | ||
| Tungabhadra River | Alampur, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana | |
| Srisailam temple | Srisailam Dam | |
| Srisailam tail pond weir | ||
| Nalgonda district, Telangana | Dindi River | |
| Nagarjuna Sagar dam | ||
| Chityala, Nalgonda | Haliya River | |
| Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond dam | ||
| Wazirabad, Nalgonda, Telangana | Musi River | |
| Pulichintala dam, Suryapet district | ||
| Mukteswarapuram, Krishna district | Paleru River | |
| Amaravathi village, Guntur district | Munneru River | |
| Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district | Polavaram right bank canal | |
| Kondaveeti vagu[4] | Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district | Budameru diversion channel |
| Amaravati city | Prakasam Barrage | Vijayawada city |
| National Waterway 4 | Prakasam Barrage | National Waterway 4 |
The largest tributary of the Krishna River is the Tungabhadra River with a drainage basin measuring 71,417 km2 (27,574 sq mi), running for about 531 km (330 mi), but the longest tributary is the Bhima River, which makes a total run of 861 km (535 mi) and has an equally large drainage area of 70,614 km2 (27,264 sq mi).
Three tributaries Panchganga, Warna and Yerla meet Krishna river near Sangli. These places are considered very holy. It is said that Lord Dattatreya spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of river Krishna.
Kudalasangama[5] (also written as Kudala Sangama). It is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Almatti Dam in Bagalkot district of Karnataka state. The Krishna and Malaprabha River rivers merge here. The Aikya Mantapa or the holy Samādhi of Basavanna, the founder of the Lingayat sect of Hindu religion along with Linga, which is believed to be self-born (Swayambhu), is here and river flow east towards Srisailam (another pilgrim center) Andhra Pradesh.
Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a famous pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra and Bhavanasi rivers join the Krishna river. The Sangameswaram temple is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, and visible for devotees only during summer when the reservoir's water level comes down.[6]
Krishna Basin
Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km2 (99,980 sq mi) which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka (113,271 km2), Telangana, Andhra Pradesh (76,252 km2) and Maharashtra (69,425 km2).[7]
The Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of about 1,337 m (4,386 ft) just north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km (40 mi) from the Arabian Sea. It flows for about 1,400 km (870 mi) and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal. The principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River, Bhima River, Tungabhadra River and Musi River.
Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils.
An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km3 has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 58.0 km3 is utilizable water.[8] Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km2 (78,000 sq mi), which is 10.4% of the total cultivable area of the country. As the water availability in the Krishna river was becoming inadequate to meet the water demand, Godavari River is linked to the Krishna river by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme in the year 2015 to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage in Andhra Pradesh.[9] The irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4.
Places and temples
This river is revered by Hindus as sacred. The river is also believed to remove all sins of people by taking a bath in this river. The centre of attraction is the Krishna Pushkaram fair which is held once in twelve years on the banks of the Krishna river. There are many pilgrimage places in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on the course of the river.[citation needed]
The first holy place on the river Krishna is at Wai, known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple. It has seven ghats along the river. Temples like Dattadeva temple, which is revered by the people of Maharashtra, are located on the banks of Krishna at Narsobawadi and Audumbar near Sangli. Yadur is one of the important holy places in Karnataka which is located on the bank of Krishna. Veerabhadra temple is a famous temple. Many devotees visit this place from Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Also, located on the banks of the river Krishna is the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur. Some of the other temples are the Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada, Ramling temple near Sangli, Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga (Srisailam), Amareshwara Swamy Temple (Amaravati (state capital)), Dattadeva temple, and Sangameshwara Shiva temples at Alampur & Gadwal in Telangana.[citation needed]
Flora and fauna
Wide spread area near to the Krishna river holds the rich flora and fauna. The last surviving Mangrove forests in the Krishna estuary have been declared as the Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary is the home to the large number of resident and migratory birds. Fishing cat, otter, Estuarine crocodile, spotted deer, sambar, black buck, snake, lizards and jackal can also be spotted in the sanctuary. The sanctuary also supports rich vegetation with plants like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Aegiceros. The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the krishna basin.
- Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
- Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
- Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
- Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary
- Gudavi Bird Sanctuary
- Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary
- Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary
- Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary
- Chandoli National Park
- Kudremukh National Park
- Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
- Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
- Mrugavani National Park
- Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary
- Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary
- Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary
- Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary
Waterfalls[edit]
The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin
- Ethipothala on Chandravanka river which is the tributary of river Krishna river
- Godchinamalaki on Markandeya river a tributary of Ghataprabha
- Gokak on Ghataprabha
- Mallela Theertham
Bridges
The Krishna River is spanned by several bridges along its course, some of which are listed below.
- Krishna Bridge, Wai, Maharashtra – This bridge, which is located in the Dharmpuri Peth area of the town of Wai, is one of the oldest bridges that were built by the British in India. It spans the Krishna over nine kamans (arches) and is made of black rock. The bridge serves as a flood mark (when the water rises to the level of the road on the bridge) for the "Waikar" people.
- Irwin Bridge, Sangli – This is one of the oldest, historic and largest bridges over the Krishna that were built by the British. The Irwin Bridge, which is built of reddish stone, has two passages where one can climb down to the river in the middle of its span to view the water.
- Kudachi – Ugar Railway bridge built by the British in 1891.
- B. Soundatti Bridge, Raibag – This is also one of the oldest bridges built during the British rule. This bridge connects Maharashtra to Karnataka state.
- Tangadagi Bridge, This is one of oldest bridges that connects the Bijapur and Bagalkot Districts of Karnataka. God Neelambika Temple is there at the bank of Krishna River.
- Jambagi Bridge, Jamkhandi : Recently built bridge connects Athai , Bijapur and Jamkhandi.
Floods
In October 2009, heavy floods occurred, isolating 350 villages and leaving millions homeless,[10] which is believed to be first occurrence in 1000 years. The flood resulted in heavy damage to Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna and Nalagonda Districts. The entire city of Kurnool was immersed in approximately 10 ft (3 m) water for nearly 3 days.[11]
Water inflow of 1,110,000 cu ft/s (31,000 m3/s) was recorded at the Prakasam Barriage, which surpassed the previous record of 1,080,000 cu ft/s (31,000 m3/s) recorded in the year 1903.[12] Krishna river is the second largest east flowing river of the peninsula. The flood waters of Krishna and Godavari rivers can be fully utilized by exporting water to other east flowing peninsular rivers up to Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu by constructing a coastal reservoir on the Bay of Bengal sea area.
Interstate water sharing
At present, the award of Bachawat tribunal dated 31 May 1976 is applicable for sharing the water available in the river among the riparian states. The Brijesh Kumar tribunal award given on 29 November 2013 is challenged by Andhra Pradesh in the Supreme Court and the case pending since then.[13] The newly created state of Telangana also approached Supreme Court demanding a fresh tribunal hearing to secure its water needs on equitable basis.[14]
Even though the river does not flow through Tamil Nadu, the Telugu Ganga Project is a canal system that brings Krishna river water to that state's capital city of Chennai,
Dams
There are many dams constructed across the Krishna river.[15]
Hydroelectric power stations
Krishna river is one of the rivers whose water energy is harnessed to a large extent by various hydro electric power stations in India.[16] The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations.
| Name of the project | Rated Power (in MW) | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Koyna Hydroelectric Project | 1,920 | |
| Mulshi Dam | 300 | Power station with Pumped-storage hydroelectricity units |
| Thokarwadi Dam | 72 | |
| Ujjani Dam | 12 | Power station with Pumped-storage hydroelectricity units |
| Almatti Dam | 290 | |
| Bhadra Dam | 39 | |
| Tungabhadra Dam | 127 | |
| Jurala Hydroelectric Project | 240 | |
| Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project | 240 | |
| Srisailam Dam | 1,670 | Power station with Pumped-storage hydroelectricity units |
| Nagarjuna Sagar Dam | 960 | Power station with Pumped-storage hydroelectricity units |
| Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond | 50 | |
| Pulichinthala Dam | 120 |
Mineral deposits
Krishna river basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil & gas, coal, iron, limestone, dolomite, gold, granite, laterite, uranium, diamonds, etc. The following are the few noted deposits:
- Krishna Godavari Basin, oil & gas
- Yellandu, coal
- Bayyaram Mines, iron
- Kudremukh, iron
- Donimalai, iron
- Jaggayapeta mines, dolomite
- Nalgonda uranium deposits,
- Kollur Mine, diamonds
- Hatti Gold Mines,
Pollution
Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture.[17][18] Closed river basin of Krishna means that the river ecosystem is on the verge of death.[19][20] The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds into the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous environmental flows to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting salt export and leading to formation of saline and sodic alkaline soils in the lower reaches of the river basin.[21][22] High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt rock formations.[23] The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin
| Name of Power Station | Rated Power (in MW) |
|---|---|
| Vijayawada Thermal Power Station | 1,760 |
| Raichur Thermal Power Station | 1,470 |
| Bellary Thermal Power station | 1,700 |
| Yermarus Thermal Power Station | 1,600 |
| Solapur Super Thermal Power Station | 1,320 |
| Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project | 2,400 |
| Yadadri Thermal Power Plant | 4000 |
See also
'고대 문명 > 고대 인도' 카테고리의 다른 글
| <펌>Dholavira (Indus Valley) (0) | 2021.02.03 |
|---|---|
| <펌>Indo-Iranians (0) | 2020.09.12 |
| <펌> 사타바하나 왕조 (BC230-AD220) - 인도 - 위키백과 (0) | 2019.05.24 |
| <펌>마우리아 왕조(BC322-BC185) - 인도- 위키백과 (0) | 2019.05.24 |
| <펌> 인도중왕국 - 위키백과 (0) | 2019.05.24 |