Map of Saka cultures (800-200 BC)
Map of Mongolia (Early iron age) (1000-200 BC)
Captured Saka king Skunkha, from Mount Behistun, Iran, Achaemenid stone relief from the reign of Darius I (r. 522–486 BC)
Main article: Kingdom of Khotan
Saka hunter with bow, 2nd-1st century BC, Almaty, Kazakhstan
The Heavenly Horse, commonly known as the Ferghana Horse, is an ancient ceremonial bronze finial. It originates from Bactria, dating back to the 4th-1st century BC, and was skillfully crafted by Saka tribes.
Main article: Indo-Scythians
The Sacae, or Scyths, were clad in trousers, and had on their heads tall stiff caps rising to a point. They bore the bow of their country and the dagger; besides which they carried the battle-axe, or sagaris. They were in truth Amyrgian (Western) Scythians, but the Persians called them Sacae, since that is the name which they gave to all Scythians.
Now the greater part of the Scythians, beginning at the Caspian Sea, are called Däae, but those who are situated more to the east than these are named Massagetae and Sacae, whereas all the rest are given the general name of Scythians, though each people is given a separate name of its own. They are all for the most part nomads. But the best known of the nomads are those who took away Bactriana from the Greeks, I mean the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who originally came from the country on the other side of the Iaxartes River that adjoins that of the Sacae and the Sogdiani and was occupied by the Sacae. And as for the Däae, some of them are called Aparni, some Xanthii, and some Pissuri. Now of these the Aparni are situated closest to Hyrcania and the part of the sea that borders on it, but the remainder extend even as far as the country that stretches parallel to Aria. Between them and Hyrcania and Parthia and extending as far as the Arians is a great waterless desert, which they traversed by long marches and then overran Hyrcania, Nesaea, and the plains of the Parthians. And these people agreed to pay tribute, and the tribute was to allow the invaders at certain appointed times to overrun the country and carry off booty. But when the invaders overran their country more than the agreement allowed, war ensued, and in turn their quarrels were composed and new wars were begun. Such is the life of the other nomads also, who are always attacking their neighbors and then in turn settling their differences.
Issyk dish with inscription.
Drawing of the Issyk inscription.
The Sakas represent a unique period of West-East admixture along the Altai line during the Iron Age, which has been a defining characteristic of Central Asian populations until modern times.[180]
Saka kurgans[190]
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Salbyk Arzhan Pazyryk Issyk Boralday Taksai Eleke Sazy Tasmola Ingala Tillya Tepe |
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Arzhan-1
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c. 800 BCE
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Shilikty
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c. 700 BCE
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Arzhan-2
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c. 650 BCE
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Bes Shatyr
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c. 550 BCE
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Taksai
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c. 500 BCE
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Ingala
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c. 500 BCE
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Tasmola
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7th-5th centuries BCE
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Boralday
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c. 600-400 BCE
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Salbyk
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c. 600-400 BCE
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Eleke Sazy
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c. 600-400 BCE
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Berel-1
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c. 350 BCE
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Pazyryk-1,2
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c. 300 BCE
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Berel-11
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c. 300 BCE
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Issyk
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c. 400-200 BCE
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Tillya Tepe
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1st century BCE
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Arzhan 2 kurgan (7th-6th centuries BC, associated with the Aldy-Bel culture).[201]
A Pazyryk horseman in a felt painting from a burial around 300 BC. The Pazyryks appear to be closely related to the Scythians.[206]
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC): The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The Gandhara grave (or Swat), Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey Ware cultures are candidates for the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia.
Dates of Minusinsk Basin cultures, at the easternmost edge of Adronovo culture (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).[28]
According to Allentoft et al. (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived at least partially from the Corded Ware culture
Main articles: Proto-Indo-Iranic and Indo-Iranic peoples
See also: Indo-Iranic languages
Chariot model, Arkaim museum
Horses were domesticated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe[45]
External videos
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The Sintashta culture - earliest chariots, fortified settlements and bronze metallurgy. Ivan Semyan
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Geographical range
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Pontic steppe
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Period
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Bronze Age
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Dates
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ca. 1900 BC – 1200 BC
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Preceded by
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Abashevo culture, Multi-cordoned ware culture, Sintashta culture, Lola culture
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Followed by
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Noua-Sabatinovka culture, Trzciniec culture, Belozerka culture, Bondarikha culture, Sauromatians
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Chariot model, Arkaim museum
Srubnaya blades
See also: Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture § Genetics, Sintashta culture § Genetics, and Andronovo culture § Genetics
Admixture proportions of Srubnaya populations. They combined Eastern Hunter Gatherer ( EHG), Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer ( CHG), Anatolian Neolithic ( ) and Western Hunter Gatherer ( WHG) ancestry.[9]
<펌>Scythians - wikipedia (0) | 2024.04.10 |
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