Scythians
Skuδatā (earlier)[1][2] Skulatā (later)[1][2] |
|||||||||
c. 9th-8th century BC–c. 3rd century BC |
|||||||||
Maximum extent of the Scythian kingdom in West Asia (680-600 BC) |
|||||||||
Maximum extent of the Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe (600-c. 200 BC) |
|||||||||
Location
|
Central Asia (9th-7th centuries BC)
West Asia (7th–6th centuries BC) Pontic Steppe (6th–3rd centuries BC) |
||||||||
Capital
|
Kamianka (from c. 6th century BC - c. 200 BC)
|
||||||||
Common languages
|
Scythian
Akkadian (in West Asia) Median (in West Asia) Phrygian (in West Asia) Urartian (in West Asia) Thracian (in Pontic Steppe) Ancient Greek (in Pontic Steppe) Proto-Slavic language (in Pontic Steppe) Maeotian (in Pontic Steppe) |
||||||||
Religion
|
Scythian religion
Ancient Mesopotamian religion (in West Asia) Urartian religion (in West Asia) Phrygian religion (in West Asia) Ancient Iranic religion (in West Asia) Thracian religion (in Pontic Steppe) Ancient Greek religion (in Pontic Steppe) |
||||||||
Demonym(s)
|
Scythians
|
||||||||
Government
|
Monarchy
|
||||||||
King
|
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||
• unknown-679 BC
|
Išpakaia
|
||||||||
• 679-c. 659/8 BC
|
Bartatua
|
||||||||
• c. 659/8-625 BC
|
Madyes
|
||||||||
• c. 610 BC
|
Spargapeithes
|
||||||||
• c. 600 BC
|
Lykos
|
||||||||
• c. 575 BC
|
Gnouros
|
||||||||
• c. 550 BC
|
Saulius
|
||||||||
• c. 530-510 BC
|
Idanthyrsus
|
||||||||
• c. 430 BC
|
Scyles
|
||||||||
• c. 490-460 BC
|
Ariapeithes
|
||||||||
• c. 460-450 BC
|
Octamasadas
|
||||||||
• c. 360s-339 BC
|
Ateas
|
||||||||
• c. 310 BC
|
Agaros
|
||||||||
Dependency of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (from c. 672 to c. 625 BC)
|
|||||||||
Historical era
|
Iron Age:
Srubnaya culture (earlier) Scythian culture (later) |
||||||||
|
|||||||||
• Scythian migration from Central Asia to Caucasian Steppe
|
c. 9th-8th century BC
|
||||||||
• Scythian alliance with the Neo-Assyrian Empire
|
c. 672 BC
|
||||||||
• Scythian conquest of Media
|
c. 652 BC
|
||||||||
• Scythian defeat of Cimmerians
|
c. 630s BC
|
||||||||
• Median revolt against Scythians
|
c. 625 BC
|
||||||||
• Scythian raid across the Levant as far as Egypt
|
c. 620 BC
|
||||||||
• Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
|
c. 614-612 BC
|
||||||||
• Expulsion of Scythians from West Asia by Medes
|
c. 600 BC
|
||||||||
• Persian invasion
|
513 BC
|
||||||||
• War with Macedonia
|
340-339 BC
|
||||||||
• Celtic, Getic, and Germanic invasion of Scythia
|
c. 4th century BC
|
||||||||
• Sarmatian invasion of Scythia
|
c. 3rd century BC
|
||||||||
Preceded by
|
Succeeded by
|
|
|||||||
|
Cimmerians
|
Median Empire
|
|
|
|||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Lydian Empire
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
Agathyrsi
|
|
|||||||
Scythian kingdom in Crimea
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Scythian kingdom on the lower Danube
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
Urartu
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Sindica
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Sarmatians
|
|
|
|||||||
|
Mannai
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Kingdom of Pontus
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Today part of
|
Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, Iran
|
Part of a series on
|
Indo-European topics
|
|
Languages
|
Philology
|
Origins
|
Archaeology
|
Peoples and societies
|
Religion and mythology
|
Indo-European studies
|
|
Main article: Names of the Scythians
SAKAS SCYTHIANS Pazyryk culture Khotan Uyuk culture Tagar culture Massagetae Kangju Subeshi culture Ordos culture Sargat culture Tasmola culture Sauromatians Dahae Indo- Scythians Western Satraps Northern Satraps |
Map of the Scythian ( ) and Saka realms ( ) and their main polities throughout their history.[28][29][30][31] The affiliation of the southeastern-most Subeshi culture and Ordos culture remains uncertain.
Main article: Scythia
For the Achaemenids, there were three types of Sakas: the Sakā tayai paradraya ("beyond the sea", presumably the Scythians between the Greeks and the Thracians on the Western side of the Black Sea), the Sakā tigraxaudā (Massagetae, "with pointed caps"), the Sakā haumavargā ("Hauma drinkers", furthest East). Soldiers in the service of the Achaemenid army, Xerxes I tomb detail, circa 480 BC.[54]
|
Some of the earliest Scythian artefacts in Animal style, Arzhan kurgan, Southern Siberia, dated to 8-7th century BC.
Gold Scythian belt title, Mingəçevir (ancient Scythian kingdom), Azerbaijan, 7th-4th century BC[103][104]
An Attic red-figure vase-painting of a Scythian archer. Epiktetos, 520–500 BC.[144]
Main article: Scythian campaign of Darius I
The Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe at its maximum extent
Main articles: Scythia Minor (Crimea) and Scythia Minor (Dobruja)
Remains of Scythian Neapolis near modern-day Simferopol, Crimea. It served as the capital of the Crimean Scythian kingdom.
Eugène Delacroix's painting of the Roman poet, Ovid, in exile among the Scythians[190]
Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld
Battle between the Scythians and the Slavs (1881) by Viktor Vasnetsov
Kurgan stelae of a Scythian at Khortytsia, Ukraine
Main article: Scythian culture
Scythian defence line 339 BC reconstruction in Polgár, Hungary
Main article: Scythian languages
See also: Trifunctional hypothesis
Main article: Scythian clothing
Scythian warriors, drawn after figures on an electrum cup from the Kul-Oba kurgan burial near Kerch.
Gold pectoral, or neckpiece, from an aristocratic kurgan in Tovsta Mohyla, Pokrov, Ukraine, dated to the second half of the 4th century BC, of Greek workmanship. The central lower tier shows three horses, each being torn apart by two griffins. Scythian art was especially focused on animal figures.
Scythian archers using the Scythian bow, Kerch (ancient Panticapeum), Crimea, 4th century BC. The Scythians were skilled archers whose style of archery influenced that of the Persians and subsequently other nations, including the Greeks.[306]
The Kostroma deer, from Kostromskaya, 7th-6th century BC.[318]
An Attic vase-painting of a Scythian archer (a police force in Athens) by Epiktetos, 520–500 BC
Main article: Scytho-Siberian world § Genetics
Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations
Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles
Relief of Skilurus and Palacus.
Saka인에 대한 자료 (0) | 2024.02.20 |
---|---|
스키타인에 대한 자료 (0) | 2024.02.20 |