2019. 4. 13. 11:00ㆍ한민족 역사/백제
로마제국은 백제이다.
난 본 블로그에 올린 글 ‘고대사에서 안지역은 어디인가?’에서 훈족의 로마 정벌이 광개토대왕의 그것이 아닌가 추정한 바 있다. 신라의 구원요청에 응답하여 5만의 군사로 백잔을 친 것이 광개토대왕비에 기록되어 있는데, 이것을 훈족의 로마 정벌에 비교한 것이다.
실제 난 본 볼로그에 올린 글 ‘사산왕조 페르시아는 신라이다’에서 신라가 사산왕조 페르시아임을 증명했다. 그러면 그 옆에 있는 비잔틴제국은 백제로 비정된다.
아래에서는 이러한 가정하에 백제의 큰 사건을 위주로 로마제국이 벡제인가에 대해 검토해 보고자 한다. 단 초기의 로마에 대해서는 그 검토를 추후로 미룬다.
1. 고구려 광개토대왕의 관미성 (백제) 함락 - 훈족의 로마 소속 크리미아 정복
난 본 블로그에 올린 글 '백제의 관미성은 흑해의 크리미아 반도에 있다'와 '관미성은 크리미아의 Arabat Fortress이다'라는 글에서 사방이 바다로 둘러 쌓이고 해안이 바위로 된 절벽이라는 천혜의 조건을 갖춘 백제의 관미성이 크리미아 반도에 있다는 것을 주장했다. 관미성이 어디인가? 광개토대왕이 육로와 수로의 7가지 길로 20일 밤낮을 공격하여 함락한 백제의 성이다. 당시 아신왕은 성이 함락되지 않으리라고 자신하고 느긋하였다는 일화가 있을 정도이다. 아래 그지역의 험세를 논한 글을 보면 다소 이해가 갈 것이다. '우찬수'라는 폭포수 이름도 있다.
"The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of 8-12 kilometres (5.0-7.5 mi) from the sea by a parallel range of mountains, the Crimean Mountains. These mountains are backed by secondary parallel ranges.
The main range of these mountains shoots up with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of 600-1,545 metres (1,969-5,069 ft), beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called Cape Fiolente. It was believed that this cape was supposedly crowned with the temple of Artemis, where Iphigeneia is said to have officiated as priestess. Uchan-su, on the south slope of the mountains, is the highest waterfall in Crimea. (source : Wikipedia, 'Crimea')
그런데 이 크리미아 반도를 훈족 (고구려)이 공격했을 때 (376년) 이 크리미아반도는 비잔틴이 아닌 로마제국에 속했다고 나온다. 즉 서로마가 망하기 전의 로마제국 소속이었다는 것이다. (아래 인용 문구 참조) 이는 당시의 훈족의 공격을 광개토대왕의 그것으로 볼 때, 관미성을 관장한 로마는 백제라는 말이 된다. 따라서 로마는 백제라는 유력한 증거가 된다.
"In the late 2nd century BC Chersonesus (Crimea의 한 지역) became a dependency of the Bosporan Kingdom. It was subject to Rome from the middle of the 1st century BC until the 370s AD, when it was captured by the Huns." (source : Wikipedia)
"Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Its southern fringe was colonised by the Greeks, the Persians, the Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Crimean Goths, the Genoese and the Ottoman Empire, while at the same time its interior was occupied by a changing cast of invading steppe nomads and empires, such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Huns, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols and the Golden Horde." (source : Wikipedia)
"In the 8th century BCE the Cimmerians migrated to the area in retreat from Scythian advances, of whom the latter also migrated to the region. .........................
The Persian Achaemenid Empire, under Darius I, expanded to Crimea as part of his campaigns against the Scythians in 513 BC.
The peninsula, then under the control of the Bosporan Kingdom, later became a client kingdom of the Roman Empire in 63 BC." .......
"Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the Goths (AD 250), the Huns (376), the Bulgars (4th-8th century), the Khazars (8th century)." (source : Wikipedia)
즉 크리미아반도는 원래 스키타이인의 지역이었는데, BC 513년 페르시아의 아케메네스제국이 점령했고, BC 63년부터 로마의 식민지로 있었다. 특히 남쪽 해안은 로마제국, 비잔틴제국의 식민지였으며, 내륙쪽은 보다 많은 침범을 겪어 고트족, Alans, 훈족, Bulgars (부여족), 하자르족, 킵착, 몽골 등의 점령지가 되었다고 언급되고 있다.
백제는 고구려와 패강을 경계로 하고 있었다 했다. 여기서 패강은 드네프로강으로 보인다. 본 블로그에 올린 글 '요수(압록수), 살 수, 패수의 비정을 통한 갈석산의 위치 비정'이란 글에서 주장하였듯이 서쪽으로 흐르는 패수는 아무다리야강이고, 동쪽으로 흐르는 패강은 드네프로강이다. 드네프로강은 관미성이 있는 크리미아반도와 바로 접하고 있는 주요 통로이다. (아래 인용문 참조)
"The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Middle East. Historically, possession of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Russian, British and French, Nazi German, Soviet).
The Dnieper River is a major waterway and transportation route that crosses the European continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the Baltic Sea, of strategic importance since the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the Caucasus region and the Caspian Sea to central and Eastern Europe."
(source : Wikipedia)
따라서 관미성을 잃은 백제는 패강을 고구려와 경계로 하지 못하고 더 이남으로 내려와 다뉴브강을 경계로 한 것으로 Justinian I 때의 지도에도 나타난다.
2.고구려 장수왕에 의한 위례성 백제 멸망 - 훈족에 의한 서로마 제국의 멸망
훈족의 로마 원정은 4세기말에 시작한다. 바로 광개토대왕의 원정과 유사한 시기이다. 난 본 블로그에 올린 글 " 고대사에서 안지역은 어디인가?(1)"에서 훈족의 로마 정벌이 광개토대왕의 백제 정벌, 왜의 정벌에 비정된다 하였다.
광개토대왕은 백제와 왜의 정벌에 나섰으며, 특히 왜의 근거지인 종발성까자 가서 점령한 것으로 역사에 기록된다.
이후 백제의 개로왕은 AD 475년, 장수왕 세력에 의해 죽임을 당하며, 위례성 백제의 끝을 고하고 웅진백제, 사비백제로 이어진다.
Invasions of Roma by Huns (source : Wikipedia)
서로마가 망하는 AD 476년, 고트족의 오도아케르는 로마황제를 죽이고 서로마제국을 멸망시킨다. 오도아케르는 고트족이라 하나 훈족이라고 하는 역사가도 있다. 오도아케르가 장수한 것도 장수왕과 유사하며 사망한 연도도 거의 비슷하다 (493년, 491년).
즉 로마가 백제라는 비정하기에 충분한 내용을 보이고 있다.
특히 후에 비잔틴제국의 Justinian I는 서로마의 회복을 위해 힘쓰는데, 이 Justinian I 이 백제의 성왕으로 보인다.
이 당시의 내용을 위키자료는 다음과 같이 기술하고 있다.
"In 476, after the Battle of Ravenna, the Roman Army in the West suffered defeat at the hands of Odoacer and his Germanic foederati. Odoacer forced the deposition of emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the first King of Italy. In 480, following the assassination of the previous Western emperor Julius Nepos, the Eastern emperor Zeno dissolved the Western court and proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. The date of 476 was popularized by the 18th century British historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Odoacer's Italy, and other barbarian kingdoms, would maintain a pretence of Roman continuity through the continued use of the old Roman administrative systems and nominal subservience to the Eastern Roman court.
In the 6th century, emperor Justinian I re-imposed direct Imperial rule on large parts of the former Western Roman Empire, including the prosperous regions of North Africa, the ancient Roman heartland of Italy and parts of Hispania. Political instability in the Eastern heartlands, combined with foreign invasions and religious differences, made efforts to retain control of these territories difficult and they were gradually lost for good. Though the Eastern Empire retained territories in the south of Italy until the eleventh century, the influence that the Empire had over Western Europe had diminished significantly." (source : Wikipedia)
3. 한수에서의 백제 성왕과 신라 진흥왕과의 전쟁 - Lazic war b/w Byzantine Empire (Justinian I) & Sassanian Empire (Khosrau I)
백제 성왕과 신라의 진흥왕은 한수에서 치열한 전쟁을 하였다고 역사에 기록되어 있다. 그리고 이 지역이 전략적인 지역이라 그랬다고 한다. 그러면서도, 나무위키 자료에 의하면, 신라는 정복한 것이 아니라 그냥 취했다고 언급되고 있다 한다.
그러면 이 한수는 어디인가? 한나라 한자와 물 수자이다. 즉 한나라 지역의 강이라는 뜻이다.
한나라의 유방은 기반을 두고 일어난 지역이 구강지역이고 한수지역이라 나라 이름을 한나라라 했다 한다. 본 블로그에 올린 글 '한무제의 한나라는 페르시아의 파르티마제국이다'에서 필자는 한나라가 이란 이라크지역의 페르시아제국인 Parthian Empire라고 추정했다. 이글에서 위키자료는 한나라는 초기에 대하지역(카스피해 동쪽 인접지역)에서 일어 났다 하는데, 실제 후에 나타나는 파르티마제국은 이 지역을 포함하지 않고 있다. 난 오히려 코카서스산맥 아래지역으로 생각하고 싶다. 대하지역은 사막이 있어 농민의 아들인 유방의 근거지가 될 수가 없기 때문이다. 반면 코카서스산맥 아래 Kura river 지역은 7천년전부터 농사를 진 곳으로 언급된다. (아래 글 참조)
"People have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years, and first established agriculture in the Kura Valley over 4,500 years ago. Large, complex civilizations eventually grew up on the river, but by 1200 CE,.....
People have lived on the Kura for at least 7,000 years. The ancient inhabitants of the Kura-Aras lowland called the river Mother Kur, signifying the importance of the river to the region. The first irrigation agriculture began about 4,500 years ago in the eastern Azerbaijan lowlands." (source : Wikipedia)
Kura River (source : Wikipedia)
또한 이 Kura River는 카스피해에 이르는 3대강- 볼가강, 우랄강, 구라강- 중의 하나이다.
그러면 이 Kura River가 전략적인 위치인 한수가 될 수 있는가? 물론이다.
이 지역은 코카서스산맥을 천혜의 방어막으로 삼고 카스피해, 흑해를 통하는 지역이며 실크로드의 주요지역이다.
그래서 비잔틴제국의 Justinian 1와 Sassanid Empire의 Khosrow 1가 양보없이 20년동안 격돌한 지역이다. 역사적으로 유명한 Lazic war 지역이다. 즉 백제의 성왕과 신라의 진흥왕이 다투던 한수지역이다.
"The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War ...was fought between the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica. The Lazic War lasted for twenty years, from 541 to 562, with varying success and ended in a victory for the Persians, who obtained an annual tribute in exchange for ending the war. The Lazic War is narrated in detail in the works of Procopius of Caesarea and Agathias……
Lazica, situated on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, and controlling important mountain passes across the Caucasus and to the Caspian Sea, had a key strategic importance for both empires. For Byzantines, it was a barrier against a Persian advance through Iberia to the coasts of the Black Sea. Persians on the other side hoped to gain access to the sea, and control a territory from which Iberia, which was by now under their firm domination, could be threatened." (source : Wikipedia)
이 전쟁의 결과도 유사하다. 사산왕조의 호스로1세가 이기는 것으로 나오는데, 비잔틴제국의 유스티니아 1세는 매년 사산왕조에게 금을 주고 식민지로 운영하였다고 나온다. (아래 글 참조)
"Then, in 557, a truce ended the hostilities between the Byzantines and Persians, and by the "Fifty Years Peace" of Dara of 562, Khosrow I recognized Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of gold." (source : Wikipedia)
4. 백제의 요서 2현 경략 - Byzantine Empire 의 Lazica area 와 Abkhazia 경략
청나라의 역사서 '흠정만류원고'에 백제가 요서에 2개현을 운영하였다고 나온다.
난 이 요서의 2개현을 비잔틴제국이 관할한 위의 Lazica Area 와 흑해 동안의 Abkhazia 지역으로 본다.
물론 요수는 우랄강이란 전제이다. 요수의 비정에 대해서는 본 블로그에 올린 글 '요수(압록수), 살수, 패수의 위치 비정을 통한 갈석산의 위치 검토'를 참조 하시기 바란다.
비잔틴제국이 관할했던 흑해의 ABKHAZIA 지역
5. 백제 성왕시절 정복사업- Military campaigns by Justinian I of Byzantine Empire
백제 성왕은 신라 진흥왕과의 한수유역 싸움에서 크게 밀린 것으로 삼국사기에서 말하고 있다. 한수 유역 싸움이 Lazic War에 한정될 때 이는 일부 맞는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 그 밖의 정복사업에 대해서는 삼국사기에는 나와 있지 않다. 그러나 성왕이 전륜성왕이라 할 만큼 위대한 왕이었다고 기술된다. Justinian 1도 Justinian the Great 라 호칭될 만큼 업적이 많다. 성왕이 관산성싸움에 전사했다고 삼국사기에는 기술되어 있지만 일본서기에는 관산성전투에 이긴 아들을 50인과 함께 찾아가던 중, 신라의 매복병에 의해 잡혀 죽었다고 나오는 것(나무위키 자료)을 보면 김부식에 의해 각색되었을 것으로 판단된다. 아래는 Justinian 1의 정복사업을 위키백과에서 전하고 있다.
"Justinian I's general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths. The prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million solidi. During his reign, Justinian also subdued the Tzani, a people on the east coast of the Black Sea that had never been under Roman rule before. He engaged the Sasanian Empire in the east during Kavadh I's reign, and later again during Khosrow I's; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions in the west." (source : Wikipedia)
War with the Sassanid Empire, 527-532
From his uncle, Justinian inherited ongoing hostilities with the Sassanid Empire. In 530 the Persian forces suffered a double defeat at Dara and Satala, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near Callinicum. Justinian then tried to make alliance with the Axumites of Ethiopia and the Himyarites of Yemen against the Persians, but this was failed. When king Kavadh I of Persia died (September 531), Justinian concluded an "Eternal Peace" (which cost him 11,000 pounds of gold) with his successor Khosrau I (532). Having thus secured his eastern frontier, Justinian turned his attention to the West, where Germanic kingdoms had been established in the territories of the former Western Roman Empire.
Conquest of North Africa, 533-534
The first of the western kingdoms Justinian attacked was that of the Vandals in North Africa. King Hilderic, who had maintained good relations with Justinian and the North African Catholic clergy, had been overthrown by his cousin Gelimer in 530 A.D. Imprisoned, the deposed king appealed to Justinian.
In 533, Belisarius sailed to Africa with a fleet of 92 dromons, escorting 500 transports carrying an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops. They landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia. They defeated the Vandals, who were caught completely off guard, at Ad Decimumon 14 September 533 and Tricamarum in December; Belisarius took Carthage. King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrendered the next spring. He was taken to Constantinople, where he was paraded in a triumph. Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem Fratres near Gibraltar were recovered in the same campaign.
In this war, the contemporary Procopius remarks that Africa was so entirely dispeopled, that a person might travel several days without meeting a human being, and he adds, “it is no exaggeration to say, that in the course of the war 5,000,000 perished by the sword, and famine, and pestilence.”
An African prefecture, centered in Carthage, was established in April 534, but it would teeter on the brink of collapse during the next 15 years, amidst warfare with the Moors and military mutinies. The area was not completely pacified until 548, but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.
War in Italy, first phase, 535-540
As in Africa, dynastic struggles in Ostrogothic Italy provided an opportunity for intervention. The young king Athalaric had died on 2 October 534, and a usurper, Theodahad, had imprisoned queen Amalasuntha, Theodoric's daughter and mother of Athalaric, on the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena, where he had her assassinated in 535. Thereupon Belisarius, with 7,500 men, invaded Sicily (535) and advanced into Italy, sacking Naples and capturing Rome on 9 December 536. By that time Theodahad had been deposed by the Ostrogothic army, who had elected Vitigis as their new king. He gathered a large army and besieged Rome from February 537 to March 538 without being able to retake the city.
Justinian sent another general, Narses, to Italy, but tensions between Narses and Belisarius hampered the progress of the campaign. Milan was taken, but was soon recaptured and razed by the Ostrogoths. Justinian recalled Narses in 539. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius reached the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna. There he was offered the title of Western Roman Emperor by the Ostrogoths at the same time that envoys of Justinian were arriving to negotiate a peace that would leave the region north of the Po River in Gothic hands. Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. Then, having been recalled by Justinian, Belisarius returned to Constantinople, taking the captured Vitigis and his wife Matasuntha with him.
War with the Sassanid Empire, 540-562
Belisarius had been recalled in the face of renewed hostilities by the Persians. Following a revolt against the Empire in Armenia in the late 530s and possibly motivated by the pleas of Ostrogothic ambassadors, King Khosrau I broke the "Eternal Peace" and invaded Roman territory in the spring of 540.He first sacked Beroea and then Antioch (allowing the garrison of 6,000 men to leave the city), besieged Daras, and then went on to attack the small but strategically significant satellite kingdom of Lazica near the Black Sea, exacting tribute from the towns he passed along his way. He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year.
Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. The reasons for his withdrawal are not known, but it may have been instigated by rumours of his disloyalty reaching the court. The outbreak of the plague caused a lull in the fighting during the year 543. The following year Khosrau defeated a Byzantine army of 30,000 men, but unsuccessfully besieged the major city of Edessa. Both parties made little headway, and in 545 a truce was agreed upon for the southern part of the Roman-Persian frontier. After that the Lazic War in the North continued for several years, until a second truce in 557, followed by a Fifty Years' Peace in 562. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000 solidi) to be paid by the Romans.
War in Italy, second phase, 541-554
While military efforts were directed to the East, the situation in Italy took a turn for the worse. Under their respective kings Ildibad and Eraric (both murdered in 541) and especially Totila, the Ostrogoths made quick gains. After a victory at Faenza in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and soon held almost the entire Italian peninsula. Belisarius was sent back to Italy late in 544 but lacked sufficient troops and supplies. Making no headway, he was relieved of his command in 548. Belisarius succeeded in defeating a Gothic fleet of 200 ships. During this period the city of Rome changed hands three more times, first taken and depopulated by the Ostrogoths in December 546, then reconquered by the Byzantines in 547, and then again by the Goths in January 550. Totila also plundered Sicily and attacked Greek coastlines.
Finally, Justinian dispatched a force of approximately 35,000 men (2,000 men were detached and sent to invade southern Visigothic Hispania) under the command of Narses. The army reached Ravenna in June 552 and defeated the Ostrogoths decisively within a month at the battle of Busta Gallorum in the Apennines, where Totila was slain. After a second battle at Mons Lactarius in October that year, the resistance of the Ostrogoths was finally broken. In 554, a large-scale Frankish invasion was defeated at Casilinum, and Italy was secured for the Empire, though it would take Narses several years to reduce the remaining Gothic strongholds. At the end of the war, Italy was garrisoned with an army of 16,000 men. The recovery of Italy cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Procopius estimated "the loss of the Goths at 15,000,000."
Other campaigns
In addition to the other conquests, the Empire established a presence in Visigothic Hispania, when the usurper Athanagild requested assistance in his rebellion against King Agila I. In 552, Justinian dispatched a force of 2,000 men; according to the historian Jordanes, this army was led by the octogenarian Liberius. The Byzantines took Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast and founded the new province of Spania before being checked by their former ally Athanagild, who had by now become king. This campaign marked the apogee of Byzantine expansion.
During Justinian's reign, the Balkans suffered from several incursions by the Turkic and Slavic peoples who lived north of the Danube. Here, Justinian resorted mainly to a combination of diplomacy and a system of defensive works. In 559 a particularly dangerous invasion of Sklavinoi and Kutrigurs under their khan Zabergan threatened Constantinople, but they were repulsed by the aged general Belisarius.
Results
Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. In the West, the brilliant early military successes of the 530s were followed by years of stagnation. The dragging war with the Goths was a disaster for Italy, even though its long-lasting effects may have been less severe than is sometimes thought. The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon its population were deeply resented. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area over which the Empire could project its power and eliminated all naval threats to the empire. Despite losing much of Italy soon after Justinian's death, the empire retained several important cities, including Rome, Naples, and Ravenna, leaving the Lombards as a regional threat. The newly founded province of Spania kept the Visigoths as a threat to Hispania alone and not to the western Mediterranean and Africa. Events of the later years of the reign showed that Constantinople itself was not safe from barbarian incursions from the north, and even the relatively benevolent historian Menander Protector felt the need to attribute the Emperor's failure to protect the capital to the weakness of his body in his old age. In his efforts to renew the Roman Empire, Justinian dangerously stretched its resources while failing to take into account the changed realities of 6th-century Europe. (source : Wikipedia)
백제 성왕의 가야, 왜, 안라국에 대한 활동이 북아프리카, 이베리아반도 남부, 이집트, 등에 관련한 Justinian I의 정복활동과 괘를 같이 한다고 판단된다.
"또한 반로국 등을 위시한 가야 연맹을 사비회의를 통해 영향권 안에 넣기 시작했으며, 왜왕 말도 안 듣는 왜인 오미노 케누(近江毛野)가 탁순국에서 횡포를 부리자 그를 격퇴해주는 대신 가야 남부에 구례모라성(久禮牟羅城)을 쌓아 탁순국은 물론 가야 연맹 No.2인 안라국을 무력화시켰다. 일본서기 543년조에는 임나의 하한(下韓)에 있는 백제의 군령(郡令, 군장이라는 뜻)과 성주(城主)이라는 표현이 등장하는데, 심지어 가야의 일부 지역까지는 백제가 직할 통치를 하고 있었다는 것이다." <나무 위키 : 백제 성왕>
"성왕은 가야 소국의 사신들을 초청해 사비회의를 열어 가야 소국을 신라에게서 백제가 보호해 줄 것이라고 선언하고 선물을 뿌리며, 안라국이 신라에도 접촉을 시도하는 정황이 포착되자 신라와 가까이 지내지 말라는 회유와 협박을 하는 등 가야 소국들을 통제하기 시작한다. 신라는 가야의 일부인 탁기탄, 탁순국, 구야국을 확보 했지만 나머지 대부분의 가야 지역은 성왕의 영향력 하에 놓인 것이다." (자료 : 나무 위키)
한수유역을 둘러 싼 백제 성왕과 신라 진흥왕과의 관계는 우리가 익히 들어 알고 있다. 신라 진흥왕의 동맹조약을 위반하고 한수유역을 차지하는 이야기이다. 아래에서 사산왕조의 호스로1세가 영구평화조약을 깨고, 시리아, 안티오크를 침범하는 모습이나, Lazic 지역을 놓고 전쟁을 하면서 평화조약을 맺고 다시 깨지고 하는 모습은 한수유역을 놓고 신라의 진흥왕이 하는 행태를 연상케 한다. 본 블로그에 올린 '사산왕조 페르시아는 신라이다'를 참조하면 더욱 이해가 갈 것이다.
"Emperor Justinian I (527-565) paid Khosrau I 440,000 pieces of gold as a part of the "eternal peace" treaty of 532. In 540, Khosrau broke the treaty and invaded Syria, sacking Antioch and extorting large sums of money from a number of other cities.
Further successes followed: in 541 Lazica defected to the Persian side, and in 542 a major Byzantine offensive in Armenia was defeated at Anglon. Also in 541, Khosrau I entered Lazica at the invitation of its king, captured the main Byzantine stronghold at Petra, and established another protectorate over the country, commencing the Lazic War.
A five-year truce agreed to in 545 was interrupted in 547 when Lazica again switched sides and eventually expelled its Persian garrison with Byzantine help; the war resumed but remained confined to Lazica, which was retained by the Byzantines when peace was concluded in 562." (source : Wikipedia)
Justinian I 때의 비잔틴제국 (보라색) AD 555
6. 백제 성왕의 율령/관제 정비사업 - Justinian I's legislative activities
백제 성왕시 수도를 사비로 옮기고 관제를 정비하였다 한다. 율령도 정비한 것으로 연구되고 있다. 비잔틴제국의 Justinian I도 법령을 재정비하여 로마법을 정비한 것으로 유명하다. (아래 자료 참조)
" Legislative activities by Justinian I
Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all Roman law, something that had not previously been attempted. The total of Justinian's legislature is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. It consists of the Codex Iustinianus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae.
Early in his reign, Justinian appointed the quaestor Tribonian to oversee this task. The first draft of the Codex Iustinianus, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, was issued on 7 April 529. (The final version appeared in 534.) It was followed by the Digesta (or Pandectae), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the Institutiones, a textbook explaining the principles of law. The Novellae, a collection of new laws issued during Justinian's reign, supplements the Corpus. As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the Novellae appeared in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Empire.
The Corpus forms the basis of Latin jurisprudence (including ecclesiastical Canon Law) and, for historians, provides a valuable insight into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire. As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the leges (laws) and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, senatorial consults (senatusconsulta), imperial decrees, case law, and jurists' opinions and interpretations (responsa prudentum). Tribonian's code ensured the survival of Roman law. It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the Basilika of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise. The only western province where the Justinianic code was introduced was Italy (after the conquest by the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of 554), from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much European law code. It eventually passed to Eastern Europewhere it appeared in Slavic editions, and it also passed on to Russia. It remains influential to this day.
He passed laws to protect prostitutes from exploitation and women from being forced into prostitution. Rapists were treated severely. Further, by his policies: women charged with major crimes should be guarded by other women to prevent sexual abuse; if a woman was widowed, her dowry should be returned; and a husband could not take on a major debt without his wife giving her consent twice." (source : Wikipedia)
나무위키자료에서는 백제 성왕이 관제 정비를 하였다고 말하고 있다.
"백제 성왕의 관제 정비
"본 논고는 백제의 율령 반포 시기 및 그 변천에 대하여 살핀 것이다. 백제는 5세기 후반 개로왕대에 16관등제와 衣冠制를 정비하고, 왕의 子弟와 宗族을 지방의 籤魯에 파견하여 지방의 지배층을 국왕 중심의 일원적인 관등체계에 편제하였다. 아울러 당대(當代)에 개별 가호 단위로 부세를 부과하는 수취체계를 정비하였다. 백제가 개로 왕대에 중앙집권적인 국가체제를 정비하였으므로 이때에 율령을 반포하였을 가능성이 높다고 보인다. 6세기전반 무령왕대에 한성함락의 후유증을 극복하고 지배체제를 재정비하면서 율령을 개정하였다고 추정되나 구체적인 내용은 알 수 없다. 이후 사비시대 의관제(衣冠制)와 연령등급제도(年齡等級制度)의 운영을 통하여 북제(北齊)와 북주(北周)를 비롯한 북조(北朝)의 율령을 수용하여 다시 한번 율령을 개정하고, 630~640년에 무왕(武王)이 당의 6부제(部制)를 참조하여 6좌평제(佐平制)를 새로 제정하였을 뿐만 아니라 기존의 형율 규정 가운데 일부를 개정하였음이 확인된다." (자료 : 백제문화 47권 0호, 2012년 9월호)
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